Pediatric Critical Care E-Book , livre ebook

Pediatric Critical Care
Fourth Edition

Bradley P. Fuhrman, MD, FCCM
Professor of Pediatrics and Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo School of Medicine
Chief, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York

Jerry J. Zimmerman, MD, PhD, FCCM
Professor of Pediatrics and Anesthesiology, Director, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington
Mosby
Front Matter
Fourth Edition

Pediatric Critical Care
Bradley P. Fuhrman, MD, FCCM
Professor of Pediatrics and Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo School of Medicine, Chief, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
Jerry J. Zimmerman, MD, PhD, FCCM
Professor of Pediatrics and Anesthesiology, Director, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington
Joseph A. Carcillo, MD
Associate Professor of Critical Care Medicine and Pediarics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Robert S.B. Clark, MD
Chief, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Associate Director, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Monica Relvas, MD, FAAP
Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Followship Director, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
Alexandre T. Rotta, MD, FCCM, FAAP
Director, Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Program, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University, Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
Ann E. Thompson, MD, MHCPM
Professor and Vice Chair for Faculty Development, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Associate Dean for Faculty Affairs, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Medical Director for Clinical Resource Management, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Joseph D. Tobias, MD
Chief, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Professor of Anesthesiology & Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
Copyright

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PEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE, ed 4 ISBN: 978-0-323-07307-3
Copyright © 2011, 2006, 1998, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Notice
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: 978-0-323-07307-3
Executive Publisher: Natasha Andjelkovic
Developmental Editor: Julia Bartz
Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian
Project Manager: Carrie Stetz
Design Direction: Ellen Zanolle
Printed in the United States of America
Last digit is the print number: 987654321
Contributors

Veda L. Ackerman, MD, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine;, Associate Medical Director, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana

P. David Adelson, MD, FACS, FAAP, Director, Children’s Neuroscience Institute;, Division Chief of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Phoenix Children’s Hospital;, Clinical Professor of Neurosurgery and Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix;, Adjunct Professor, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona

Rachel S. Agbeko, MD, FRCPCH, Affiliate Senior Clinical Lecturer, Department of Paediatric Intensive Care, Great North Children’s Hospital, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, Great Britain

Melvin C. Almodovar, MD, Associate in Cardiology, Medical Director, Cardiac ICU, Division of Cardiovascular Critical Care, Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston;, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

Estella M. Alonso, MD, Pediatric Hepatology, Children’s Memorial Hospital;, Professor of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois

Raj K. Aneja, MD, Assistant Professor, Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Medical Director, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Derek C. Angus, MD, MPH, FRCP, Chair, Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Mitchell P. Fink Endowed Chair in Critical Care Medicine, Professor of Critical Care Medicine, Medicine, Health Policy and Management, and Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Andrew C. Argent, MBBCh(Wits), MMed(Paeds)(Wits), DCH(SA), FCPaeds(SA), FRCPCH(UK), Professor, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town;, Medical Director, Paediatric Intensive Care, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa

Francois P. Aspesberro, MD, Attending Physician, Seattle Children’s Hospital;, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington

Adnan M. Bakar, MD, Fellow, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of New York, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York

Barbara Bambach, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York

Lee M. Bass, MD, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine;, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois

Hülya Bayir, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Director, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Research, Associate Director, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Pierre Beaulieu, MD, PhD, FRCA, Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology & Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine–University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Michael J. Bell, MD, Associate Professor of Critical Care Medicine, Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics, Director, Pediatric Neurocritical Care, Director, Pediatric Neurotrauma Center, Associate Director, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

M.A. Bender, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington;, Director, Odessa Brown Children’s Clinic Hemoglobinopathy Program, Seattle, Washington

Jeffrey C. Benson, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin;, Assistant Medical Director, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Wade W. Benton, PharmD, Associate Director, Medical Affairs, Actelion Pharmaceuticals US, South San Francisco, California

Robert A. Berg, MD, Professor of Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine, and Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine;, Division Chief, Critical Care Medicinem, Russell Raphaely Endowed Chair of Critical Care