Ethnicity and Nationalism , livre ebook

Ethnicity and Nationalism
Anthropology, Culture and Society
Series Editors: Professor Vered Amit, Concordia University and Dr Jon P. Mitchell, University of Sussex
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First published 1994
This edition published 2010 by Pluto Press
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Copyright © Thomas Hylland Eriksen 1994, 2002, 2010
The right of Thomas Hylland Eriksen to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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Contents
Series Preface
Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
1. What is Ethnicity?
The term itself
Ethnicity and race
Ethnicity, nation and class
The current concern with ethnicity
From tribe to ethnic group
So what is ethnicity?
Kinds of ethnic relations
Analytical concepts and ‘native’ concepts
2. Ethnic Classification: Us and Them
The ecology of the city
The melting-pot metaphor
Communicating cultural difference
Stereotyping
Folk taxonomies and social distance
Contrasting and matching
Ethnic stigma
Negotiating identity
Ethnicity from the individual’s point of view
Criteria for ethnicity
3. The Social Organisation of Cultural Distinctiveness
Ascription as a decisive feature of ethnicity
Boundary maintenance
Boundary transcendence and fluidity
Degrees of ethnic incorporation
Ethnicity as resource competition
Levels of ethnic incorporation
The theory of plural societies
Ethnicity and hierarchy
The interrelationship between criteria
Instrumentalism and its critics
A problem of culture
4. Ethnic Identification and Ideology
Order in the social universe
Anomalies
Entrepreneurs
Analog and digital; we and us
The emergence of ethnic identities
The creation of an ancestral identity
History and ideology
Genetics, kinship and ethnicity
Social factors in identity processes
Is a European identity conceivable?
What do identities do?
5. Ethnicity in History
The historical development of ethnic relations
Expansions of system boundaries
Capitalism and individualisation
The label ‘black identity’
Indians in new worlds
Ethnic revitalisation: from people to a people
Colonialism and migration
The power of naming
Modern education and ethnic identity
Ethnicity, history and culture
History and myth
6. Nationalism
The race to nation
What is nationalism?
The nation as a cultural community
The political use of cultural symbols
Nationalism and industrial society
Communication technology and nationhood
Nationalism as metaphoric kinship
The nation-state
Nationalism against the state
Nationalism and the Other
The problem of identity boundaries
Nationalism without ethnicity?
Nationalism and ethnicity reconsidered
7. Minorities and the State
Minorities and majorities
Minorities and the state
The creation of minorities in the modern world
Indigeneity
Territorial conflict
Stages in ethnogenesis
Factors in indigenous ethnogenesis
Immigrant minorities
Boundaries and hybridity
Culture and economics among migrants
Identities and culture
Ethnicity in the US: race, class and language
Minorities and modernity
8. Identity Politics, Culture and Rights
Dilemmas of ethnic diversity
Multiculturalism and its critics
Beyond the standard paradigm of nation-building
Embedded discourses about culture and pluralism
Struggles over cultural identity and social integration
Diaspora and hybridity
Transnationalism and long-distance nationalism
The modernity of Hindutva
Some generic features of identity politics
9. The Non-Ethnic
Globalisation
Social theory and the postmodern world
Changes in the world of intergroup relations
Globalisation and localisation
Identities and loyalties
Gender, ethnicity and nationhood
Beyond ethnicity?
The end of ethnicity?
The eye of the beholder
Bibliography
Index
Series Preface
Anthropology is a discipline based upon in-depth ethnographic works that deal with wider theoretical issues in the context of particular, local conditions – to paraphrase an important volume from the series: large issues explored in small places. This series has a particular mission: to publish work that moves away from an old-style descriptive ethnography that is strongly area-studies oriented, and offer genuine theoretical arguments that are of interest to a much wider readership, but which are nevertheless located and grounded in solid ethnographic research. If anthropology is to argue itself a place in the contemporary intellectual world, then it must surely be through such research.
We start from the question: ‘What can this ethnographic material tell us about the bigger theoretical issues that concern the social sciences?’ rather than ‘What can these theoretical ideas tell us about the ethnographic context?’ Put this way round, such work becomes about large issues, set in a (relatively) small place, rather than detailed description of a small place for its own sake. As Clifford Geertz once said, ‘Anthropologists don’t study villages; they study in villages.’
By place, we mean not only geographical locale, but also other types of ‘place’ – within political, economic, religious or other social systems. We therefore publish work based on ethnography within political and religious movements, occupational or class groups, among youth, development agencies, and nationalist movements; but also work that is more thematically based – on kinship, landscape, the state, violence, corruption, the self. The series publishes four kinds of volume: ethnographic monographs; comparative texts; edited collections; and shorter, polemical essays.
We publish work from all traditions of anthropology, and all parts of the world, which combines theoretical debate with empirical evidence to demonstrate anthropology’s unique position in contemporary scholarship and the contemporary world.
Professor Vered Amit
Dr Jon P. Mitchell
Preface to the Third Edition
It would be an exaggeration to claim that our entire way of thinking about ethnicity and nationalism has changed since the second edition of this book was completed in 2002, but it cannot be denied that research agendas have moved on and shifted somewhat in response to changing historical circumstances; new themes have been introduced, and some old themes have been rephrased, sometimes for the better. A few new topics in this edition, dealt with cursorily or not at all in the first two editions of this book, are cultural property rights, the role of genetics in the public understanding of identification, commercialisation of identity, and the significance of the internet. Arguments about globalisation, hybridisation and the need for a more inclusive concept of identity politics have been developed further, as have the sections about the relative degree of group cohesion, the role of culture in ethnic identification, the concept of race, and migration. Apart from these fairly major revisions, I have up