Vascular Medicine E-Book , livre ebook

Vascular Medicine
A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease
Second Edition

Mark A. Creager, MD
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Director, Vascular Center, Simon C. Fireman Scholar in Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Joshua A. Beckman, MD, MS
Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School
Director, Cardiovascular Fellowship Program, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Joseph Loscalzo, MD, PhD
Hersey Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Chairman, Department of Medicine, Physician-in-Chief, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Saunders
Table of Contents
Instructions for online access
Cover image
Title page
Front Matter
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I: Biology of Blood Vessels
Chapter 1: Vascular Embryology and Angiogenesis
Tunica Intima: Endothelium
Tunica Media: Smooth Muscle and Extracellular Matrix
Tunica Adventitia: Fibroblasts and Loose Connective Tissue
Chapter 2: The Endothelium
Homeostatic Functions of the Endothelium
Endothelial Heterogeneity
Endothelial Dysfunction and Vascular Disease
Functional Assessment of the Endothelium
Conclusions
Chapter 3: Vascular Smooth Muscle
Origins of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells During Embryonic Development
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Modulation
Influence of Cell-Cell and Cell-Matrix Interactions
Phenotype-Specific Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Functions
Stem/Progenitor Cells
Conclusions
Chapter 4: Connective Tissues of the Subendothelium
Varieties of Blood Vessels and Their Connective Tissue
Vascular Morphogenesis and Extracellular Matrix
Collagens
Metalloproteinases
Elastin
Fibrillins and Other Microfibril-Associated Proteins
Fibronectin
Laminin
Proteoglycans
Subendothelial Extracellular Matrix as a Regulator of Cell Signaling
Perspectives
Chapter 5: Normal Mechanisms of Vascular Hemostasis
Endothelial Function and Platelet Activation
Coagulation Cascade Leading to Fibrin Formation
Fibrinolysis
Summary
Chapter 6: Vascular Pharmacology
Drugs That Affect Nitric Oxide/Guanylyl Cyclase/cGMP–Dependent Protein Kinase Pathway
Prostaglandins and Thromboxane Agonists and Antagonists
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
Vascular Potassium and Calcium Channels
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Endothelin Receptor Antagonists
Chapter 7: Pharmacology of Antithrombotic Drugs
Platelets, Thrombosis, Coagulation, and Atherothrombotic Vascular Disease
Pharmacology of Platelet Inhibitors
Pharmacology of Antithrombotics and Thrombin Inhibitors
Pharmacology of Oral Anticoagulants
Pharmacology of Thrombin Inhibitors: Indirect and Direct
Summary
Part II: Pathobiology of Blood Vessels
Chapter 8: Atherosclerosis
Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis: Traditional, Emerging, and Those on the Rise
The Diversity of Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis: a Systemic Disease
Chapter 9: Pathophysiology of Vasculitis
Pathophysiology of Small-Vessel Vasculitis
Pathogenesis of Medium- and Large-Sized Arterial Vasculitides
Summary of Pathogenic Mechanisms in Vasculitides
Acknowledgments
Chapter 10: Thrombosis
Overview of Thrombosis
Platelets, Thrombosis, and Vascular Disease
Inflammation and Thrombosis
Part III: Principles of Vascular Examination
Chapter 11: The History and Physical Examination
Vascular History
Vascular Examination
Chapter 12: Vascular Laboratory Testing
Limb Pressure Measurement and Pulse Volume Recordings
Transcutaneous Oximetry
Physical Principles of Ultrasonography
Carotid Duplex Ultrasound
Abdominal Aorta Evaluation
Renal Artery Duplex Ultrasonography
Peripheral Arterial Ultrasonography
Pseudoaneurysm
Arteriovenous Fistulae
Venous Duplex Ultrasound
Plethysmographic Evaluation of Venous Reflux
Vascular Laboratory Accreditation
Chapter 13: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Basic Principles
Magnetic Resonance Angiography Techniques
Clinical Applications
Magnetic Resonance Venography
Chapter 14: Computed Tomographic Angiography
Fundamentals of Computed Tomography Imaging
Radiation Exposure and Radiation Dose Reduction
Clinical Applications for Computed Tomographic Angiography in Vascular Disease
Artifacts and Pitfalls of Computed Tomographic Angiography
Summary
Chapter 15: Catheter-Based Peripheral Angiography
Imaging Equipment
Radiographic Contrast
Imaging Technique
Obtaining Vascular Access
Complications of Peripheral Vascular Angiography
Part IV: Peripheral Artery Disease
Chapter 16: The Epidemiology of Peripheral Artery Disease
Symptoms and Measures of Peripheral Artery Disease in Epidemiology
Incidence and Prevalence of Peripheral Artery Disease
Peripheral Artery Disease Risk Factors
Interaction and Risk Factor Comparisons
Progression of Peripheral Artery Disease
Co-Prevalence of Peripheral Artery Disease and Other Atherosclerotic Disease
Peripheral Artery Disease as a Predictor of Mortality and Morbidity
Summary and Conclusions
Chapter 17: Pathophysiology of Peripheral Artery Disease, Intermittent Claudication, and Critical Limb Ischemia
Clinical Manifestations of Peripheral Artery Disease
Hemodynamics in Peripheral Artery Disease
Inflammation and Oxidative Injury in Peripheral Artery Disease
Muscle Structure and Function in Peripheral Artery Disease
Conclusions
Chapter 18: Peripheral Artery Disease: Clinical Evaluation
Patient History
Critical Limb Ischemia
Physical Examination
Diagnostic Testing
Summary
Chapter 19: Medical Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease
Risk Factor Modification and Antiplatelet Therapy for Prevention of Cardiovascular Events
Improvement of Function and Quality of Life
Conclusions
Chapter 20: Endovascular Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease
Patient and Lesion Selection Criteria
Technical and Procedural Considerations
Clinical Outcomes
Conclusions
Chapter 21: Reconstructive Surgery for Peripheral Artery Disease
Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease
Infrainguinal Arterial Occlusive Disease
Post-Reconstruction Management
Graft Failure and Surveillance
Part V: Renal Artery Disease
Chapter 22: Pathophysiology of Renal Artery Disease
Epidemiology of Renal Artery Disease
Pathophysiological Consequences of Renovascular Disease
Renal Artery Disease and Mortality
Chapter 23: Clinical Evaluation of Renal Artery Disease
Hypertension
Renal Abnormalities
Physical Examination
Diagnosis of Renovascular Disease
Chapter 24: Medical and Endovascular Treatment of Renal Artery Disease
General Considerations for Treatment
Medical Therapy for Renal Artery Disease
Selecting Patients for Renal Artery Endovascular Revascularization
Type of Revascularization
Impact of Endovascular Revascularization on Hypertension
Impact of Revascularization on Renal Function
Impact of Revascularization on Cardiovascular Outcome
Conclusions
Chapter 25: Surgical Management of Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Disease
Prevalence, Evaluation, and Diagnosis
Management Options
Results of Surgical Management
Consequences of Operative Failures
Surgery After Failed Percutaneous Transluminal Renal Artery Angioplasty
Summary
Part VI: Mesenteric Vascular Disease
Chapter 26: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Mesenteric Vascular Disease
Acute Arterial Occlusive Mesenteric Ischemia
Nonocclusive Mesenteric Ischemia
Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis
Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia
Chapter 27: Clinical Evaluation and Treatment of Mesenteric Vascular Disease
Evaluation
Treatment
Part VII: Vasculogenic Erectile Dysfunction
Chapter 28: Vasculogenic Erectile Dysfunction
Introduction
Definition and Classifications
Prevalence and Incidence
Functional Anatomy
Pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction
Evaluation of Erectile Dysfunction
Treatment
Longitudinal Psychological Outcomes
Guidelines
Part VIII: Cerebrovascular Ischemia
Chapter 29: Epidemiology of Cerebrovascular Disease
Overview
Stroke Burden
Cost
Regional Patterns of Stroke
Stroke Risk Factors
Medically Treatable Risk Factors
Other Risk Factors
Awareness of Stroke Warning Signs and Acute Treatment
Chapter 30: Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Cerebrovascular Disease
Overview of Clinical Stroke
Clinical Manifestations of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease
Clinical Assessment Tools
Conclusions
Chapter 31: Prevention and Treatment of Stroke
Prehospital and Emergency Department Management of Ischemic Stroke
Acute Stroke Therapy
Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke
Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke
Chapter 32: Carotid Artery S