Physics in Nuclear Medicine E-Book , livre ebook

Physics in Nuclear
Medicine
FOURTH EDITION
Simon R. Cherry, PhD
Professor, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology
Director, Center for Molecular and Genomic Imaging
University of California—Davis
Davis, California
James A. Sorenson, PhD
Emeritus Professor of Medical Physics
Department of Medical Physics
University of Wisconsin—Madison
Madison, Wisconsin
Michael E. Phelps, PhD
Norton Simon Professor
Chief, Division of Nuclear Medicine
Chair, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
Director, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging
David Geffen School of Medicine
University of California—Los Angeles
Los Angeles, CaliforniaD i s c l a i m e r
This title includes additional digital media when purchased in print format. For this
digital book edition, media content may not be included.Table of Contents
Cover image
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Animations, Calculators, and Graphing Tools
Animations
Calculators
Graphing Tools
chapter 1 What Is Nuclear Medicine?
a Fundamental Concepts
b The Power of Nuclear Medicine
c Historical Overview
d Current Practice of Nuclear Medicine
e The Role of Physics in Nuclear Medicine
References
Bibliography
chapter 2 Basic Atomic and Nuclear Physics
a Quantities and Units
b Radiation
c Atoms
d The Nucleus
ReferencesBibliography
chapter 3 Modes of Radioactive Decay
a General Concepts
b Chemistry and Radioactivity
−c Decay by β Emission
−d Decay by (β , γ ) Emission
e Isomeric Transition and Internal Conversion
f Electron Capture and (EC, γ ) Decay
+ +g Positron (β ) and (β , γ ) Decay
+h Competitive β and Ec Decay
i Decay by α Emission and by Nuclear Fission
j Decay Modes and the Line of Stability
k Sources of Information on Radionuclides
Reference
Bibliography
chapter 4 Decay of Radioactivity
a Activity
b Exponential Decay
c Methods for Determining Decay Factors
d Image-Frame Decay Corrections
Example 4-5
Answer
e Specific Activity
Example 4-6
Answer
f Decay of a Mixed Radionuclide Sample
g Parent-Daughter Decay
Referencechapter 5 Radionuclide and Radiopharmaceutical Production
a Reactor-Produced Radionuclides
b Accelerator-Produced Radionuclides
c Radionuclide Generators
d Equations For Radionuclide Production
e Radionuclides For Nuclear Medicine
f Radiopharmaceuticals For Clinical Applications
References
Bibliography
chapter 6 Interaction of Radiation with Matter
a Interactions of Charged Particles with Matter
b Charged-Particle Ranges
c Passage of High-Energy Photons Through Matter
d Attenuation of Photon Beams
References
Bibliography
chapter 7 Radiation Detectors
a Gas-Filled Detectors
b Semiconductor Detectors
c Scintillation Detectors
Reference
Bibliography
chapter 8 Electronic Instrumentation for Radiation Detection Systems
a Preamplifiers
b Amplifiers
c Pulse-Height Analyzers
d Time-to-Amplitude Converters
e Digital Counters and Rate Meters
f Coincidence Unitsg High-Voltage Power Supplies
h Nuclear Instrument Modules
i Oscilloscopes
Bibliography
chapter 9 Nuclear Counting Statistics
A Types of Measurement Error
B Nuclear Counting Statistics
C Propagation of Errors
D Applications of Statistical Analysis
E Statistical Tests
Reference
Bibliography
chapter 10 Pulse-Height Spectrometry
A Basic Principles
B Spectrometry with Nai(Tl)
C Spectrometry with Other Detectors
References
Bibliography
chapter 11 Problems in Radiation Detection and Measurement
A Detection Efficiency
B Problems in the Detection and Measurement of β Particles
C Dead Time
D Quality Assurance for Radiation Measurement Systems
References
chapter 12 Counting Systems
A NaI(Tl) Well Counter
B Counting with Conventional Nai(Tl) Detectors
C Liquid Scintillation Counters
D Gas-Filled DetectorsE Semiconductor Detector Systems
F In Vivo Counting Systems
References
chapter 13 The Gamma Camera
A General Concepts of Radionuclide Imaging
B Basic Principles of the Gamma Camera
C Types of Gamma Cameras and Their Clinical Uses
Reference
Bibliography
chapter 14 The Gamma Camera
A Basic Performance Characteristics
B Detector Limitations: Nonuniformity and Nonlinearity
C Design and Performance Characteristics of Parallel-Hole Collimators
D Performance Characteristics of Converging, Diverging, and Pinhole Collimators
E Measurements of Gamma Camera Performance
References
chapter 15 Image Quality in Nuclear Medicine
A Basic Methods for Characterizing and Evaluating Image Quality
B Spatial Resolution
C Contrast
Example 15-1
Answer
D Noise
E Observer Performance Studies
References
chapter 16 Tomographic Reconstruction in Nuclear Medicine
a General Concepts, Notation, and Terminology
b Backprojection and Fourier-Based Techniques
c Image Quality in Fourier Transform and Filtered Backprojection TechniquesD Iterative Reconstruction Algorithms
e Reconstruction of Fan-Beam, Cone-Beam and Pinhole Spect Data, and 3-D Pet
Data
References
chapter 17 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
A SPECT Systems
B Practical Implementation of SPECT
C Performance Characteristics of SPECT Systems
D Applications of SPECT
References
chapter 18 Positron Emission Tomography
A Basic Principles of Pet Imaging
B Pet Detector and Scanner Designs
C Data Acquisition for Pet
D Data Corrections and Quantitative Aspects of Pet
E Performance Characteristics of Pet Systems
F Clinical and Research Applications of Pet
References
Bibliography
chapter 19 Hybrid Imaging
A Motivation for Hybrid Systems
B X-Ray Computed Tomography
C Spect/CT Systems
D PET/CT
E Attenuation and Scatter Correction Using CT
F Hybrid PET/MRI and Spect/MRI
References
Bibliography
chapter 20 Digital Image Processing in Nuclear MedicineA Digital Images
B Digital Image-Processing Techniques
C Processing Environment
References
Bibliography
chapter 21 Tracer Kinetic Modeling
A Basic Concepts
B Tracers and Compartments
C Tracer Delivery and Transport
D Formulation of A Compartmental Model
E Examples of Dynamic Imaging and Tracer Kinetic Models
F Summary
References
Bibliography
chapter 22 Internal Radiation Dosimetry
A Radiation Dose and Equivalent Dose: Quantities and Units
B Calculation of Radiation Dose (MIRD Method)
References
Bibliography
chapter 23 Radiation Safety and Health Physics
A Quantities and Units
B Regulations Pertaining to the Use of Radionuclides
C Safe Handling of Radioactive Materials
D Disposal of Radioactive Waste
E Radiation Monitoring
References
Bibliography
appendix A Unit Conversionsappendix B Properties of the Naturally Occurring Elements
appendix C Decay Characteristics of Some Medically Important Radionuclides
appendix D Mass Attenuation Coefficients for Water, NaI(Tl), Bi Ge O ,4 3 12
Cd Zn Te, and Lead0.8 0.2
appendix E Effective Dose Equivalent (mSv/MBq) and Radiation Absorbed Dose
Estimates (mGy/MBq) to Adult Subjects from Selected Internally Administered
Radiopharmaceuticals
appendix F The Fourier Transform
A The FOURIER TRANSFORM: What It Represents
B Calculating Fourier Transforms
C Some Properties of FOURIER TRANSFORMS
D Some Examples of Fourier Transforms
References
appendix G Convolution
References
IndexCopyright
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
Physics in Nuclear Medicine
ISBN: 978-1-4160-5198-5
Copyright © 2012, 2003, 1987, 1980 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any
information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the
Publisher's permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the
Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our
website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under
copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
N otic e
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research
and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods,
professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary or appropriate.
Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on
procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered,
to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of
administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners,
relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make
diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient,
and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fulles