Brocklehurst's Textbook of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology , livre ebook

BROCKLEHURST'S TEXTBOOK OF GERIATRIC MEDICINE AND GERONTOLOGY
SEVENTH EDITION

Howard M. Fillit, MD
Clinical Professor of Geriatrics and Medicine, The Mount Sinai Medical Center
Executive Director, The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation and the Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York

Kenneth Rockwood, MD MPA FRCPC FCAHS FRCP
Professor of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Dalhousie University
Geriatrician, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia,Canada

Kenneth Woodhouse, MD FRCP FHEA
Pro Vice-Chancellor, Professor of Geriatric Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
SAUNDERS
Front Matter

BROCKLEHURST'S TEXTBOOK OF GERIATRIC MEDICINE AND GERONTOLOGY
SEVENTH EDITION
Howard M. Fillit MD
Clinical Professor of Geriatrics and Medicine, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, Executive Director, The Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation and the Institute for the Study of Aging, New York, New York
Kenneth Rockwood MD MPA FRCPC FCAHS FRCP
Professor of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Dalhousie University, Geriatrician, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Kenneth Woodhouse MD FRCP FHEA
Pro Vice-Chancellor, Professor of Geriatric Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
Copyright

1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
BROCKLEHURST'S TEXTBOOK OF GERIATRIC MEDICINE AND GERONTOLOGY ISBN: 978-1-4160-6231-8
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1998, 1992, 1985, 1978, 1973 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Rights Department: phone: (+1) 215 239 3804 (US) or (+44) 1865 843830 (UK); fax: (+44) 1865 853333; e-mail: healthpermissions@elsevier.com . You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier website at http://www.elsevier.com/permissions .

Notice
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on his or her own experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Editors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this book.
The Publisher
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Brocklehurst's textbook of geriatric medicine and gerontology / [edited by] Howard M. Fillit, Kenneth Rockwood, Kenneth Woodhouse. -- 7th ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4160-6231-8 1. Geriatrics. 2. Gerontology. I. Fillit, Howard. II. Rockwood, Kenneth. III. Woodhouse, K. W. IV. Brocklehurst, J. C. (John Charles) V. Title: Textbook of geriatric medicine and gerontology. VI. Title: Geriatric medicine and gerontology.
[DNLM: 1. Geriatrics. 2. Aging. WT 100 B8641 2009]
RC952.B75 2009
618.97--dc22
2009008517
Contributors

Muhanned Abu-Hijleh, MD FCCP, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Director of Interventional Pulmonology and Clinical Pulmonary Services, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital – The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island

Enrique Aguilar, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Associate Chief of Staff, Geriatrics and Extended Care Service, Assistant Professor, Department of Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, Florida

Sonia Ancoli-Israel, PhD, Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Director of Education, Sleep Medicine Center, University of California, San Diego, California

Melissa K. Andrew, MD MSc (PH) FRCPC, Assistant Professor, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Dalhousie University, Assistant Professor, Internal Medicine and Geriatric Medicine, Capital District Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Wilbert S. Aronow, MD FACC FAHA FCCP AGSF, Clinical Professor of Medicine, New York Medical College, Attending Physician, Divisions of Cardiology, Geriatrics, and Pulmonary/Critical Care and Chief, Cardiology Clinic, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Senior Associate Program Director and Research Mentor for Residents and Fellows, Department of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Divisions of Cardiology, Geriatrics, and Pulmonary/Critical Care, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York

Lodovico Balducci, MD, Chief, Senior Adult Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida

Mario Barbagallo, MD PhD, Professor of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Emergent Pathologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

Antony Bayer, MB BCh FRCP, Senior Lecturer in Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cardiff University, Director, Cardiff Memory Team, Rehabilitation Directorate, Cardiff and Vale University Local Health Board, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom

Ceri Beaton, BM BS BMedSci MRCS, Department of Surgery, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, South Wales, United Kingdom

Paul E. Belchetz, MA MD MSc FRCP, Senior Clinical Lecturer, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leeds, Consultant Physician/Endocrinologist, Leeds Nuffield Hospital, Consultant Physician/Endocrinologist, Spire Leeds Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom

Steven L. Berk, MD, Dean, School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas

Ravi S. Bhat, MBBS DPM MD FRANZCP, Associate Professor of Psychiatry, School of Rural Health, The University of Melbourne, Consultant Old Age Psychiatrist and, Director of Psychiatry, Goulburn Valley Area Mental Health Service, Goulburn Valley Health, Shepparton, Victoria, Australia

Arnab Bhowmick, MBChB FRCS (Gen Surg), Department of Surgery, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Lancashire, United Kingdom

Italo Biaggioni, MD, Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee

Simon G. Biggs, BSc PhD AFBPsS, Professor of Gerontology, Director, Institute of Gerontology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

David A. Black, MA MBA FRCP, Dean and Director, Kent, Surrey and Sussex Postgraduate Medical and Dental Deanery, Consultant Physician, South London Healthcare Trust, London, United Kingdom

Harrison G. Bloom, MD, Associate Clinical Professor, Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Senior Associate and Director, Clinical Education and Consultation Service, International Longevity Center, New York, New York

Charlotte E. Bolton, MD MRCP, Associate Professor in Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit,University of Nottingham, Honorary Consultant in Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom

Julie Blaskewicz Boron, MS PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio

Clive Bowman, FRCP FFPH, Medical Director, BUPA Care Services, Leeds, United Kingdom

Sidney S. Braman, MD FCCP, Professor of Medicine, Director, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island

Lawrence J. Brandt, MD MACG FACP FAAPP, Professor of Medicine and Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Chief of Gastroenterology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York

Roberta Diaz Brinton, PhD, Professor, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Center and Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California

Scott E. Brodie, MD PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York

Gina Browne, RN PhD, Professor, School of Nursing, Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ontario Training Centre in Health Services and Policy Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Patricia Bruckenthal, PhD APRN, Clinical Associate Professor, School of Nursing, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, Nurse Practitioner, Pain and Headache Treatment Center, Department of Neurology, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York

Andrew K. Burroughs, MBChB (Hons) FEBG FRCP, Professor of Hepatology, Centre for Liver Studies, University College London, Professor and Consultant Physician, The Royal Free Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom

Robert N. Butler, MD, President and CEO, International Longevity Center—USA, New York, New York

Richard Camiciol