The Atlantic and Africa , livre ebook

The Atlantic and Africa
FERNAND BRAUDEL CENTER STUDIES IN HISTORICAL SOCIAL SCIENCE
Series Editor: Richard E. Lee
The Fernand Braudel Center Studies in Historical Social Science will publish works that address theoretical and empirical questions produced by scholars in or through the Fernand Braudel Center or who share its approach and concerns. It specifically seeks to promote works that contribute to the development of the world-systems perspective, engaging a holistic and relational vision of the world—the modern world-system—implicit in historical social science, which at once takes into consideration structures (long-term regularities) and change (history). As the intellectual boundaries within the sciences/social sciences/humanities structure collapse in the work scholars actually do, this series will offer a venue for a wide range of research that confronts the dilemmas of producing relevant accounts of historical processes in the context of the rapidly changing structures of both the social and the academic world. The series will include monographs, colloquiums, and collections of essays organized around specific themes.
VOLUMES IN THIS SERIES :
Questioning Nineteenth-Century Assumptions about Knowledge: Determinism Richard E. Lee, editor
Questioning Nineteenth-Century Assumptions about Knowledge: Reductionism Richard E. Lee, editor
Questioning Nineteenth-Century Assumptions about Knowledge: Dualism Richard E. Lee, editor
The Longue Durée and World-Systems Analysis Richard E. Lee, editor
New Frontiers of Slavery Dale Tomich, editor
Slavery in the Circuit of Sugar: Martinique and the World-Economy, 1848–1860 Dale Tomich
The Politics of the Second Slavery Dale Tomich, editor
The Trade in the Living Luiz Felipe de Alencastro
Race and Rurality in the Global Economy Michaeline A. Crichlow, Patricia Northover, and Juan Guisti-Cordero, editors
Power, Political Economy, and Historical Landscapes of the Modern World: Interdisciplinary Perspectives Christopher R. DeCorse, editor
Atlantic Transformations: Empire, Politics, and Slavery during the Nineteenth Century Dale Tomich, editor
Premises and Problems Luiza Franco Moreira, editor
The Atlantic and Africa: The Second Slavery and Beyond Dale W. Tomich and Paul E. Lovejoy, editors
The Atlantic and Africa
The Second Slavery and Beyond
Edited by
Dale W. Tomich and Paul E. Lovejoy

FERNAND BRAUDEL CENTER STUDIES IN HISTORICAL SOCIAL SCIENCE
Cover image “Caravan Arriving at Timbuctoo, 1853,” Slavery Images: A Visual Record of the African Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Early African Diaspora , accessed March 25, 2021,
http://www.slaveryimages.org/s/slaveryimages/item/1795 .
Published by State University of New York Press, Albany
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Tomich, Dale W., 1946– editor. | Lovejoy, Paul E., editor.
Title: The Atlantic and Africa : the second slavery and beyond / edited by Dale W. Tomich and Paul E. Lovejoy.
Description: Albany : State University of New York Press, [2021] | Series: Fernand Braudel Center studies in historical social science | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021016736 (print) | LCCN 2021016737 (ebook) | ISBN 9781438484433 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781438484457 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Slavery—America—History. | Slavery—Africa—History. | Slavery—Economic aspects. | Slave trade—History. | Economic history—1750–1918.
Classification: LCC HT1048 .A877 2021 (print) | LCC HT1048 (ebook) | DDC 306.3/6209—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021016736
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021016737
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
In honor of Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations
Introduction: Atlantic/Africa Dale W. Tomich and Paul E. Lovejoy
1 African Slavery in the Nineteenth Century: Inseparable Partner of the Atlantic Slave Trade Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch
2 The Great Transformation: World Capitalism and the Crisis of Slavery in the Americas Tâmis Parron
3 The Jihad Movement and the Development of “Second Slavery” in West Africa in the Nineteenth Century Paul E. Lovejoy
4 The Atlantic and Atlantic Slavery, Second Slavery, the Hidden Atlantic , and Capitalism Michael Zeuske
5 The Commodification of Freedom in Cuba during Second Slavery Henry B. Lovejoy
6 Atlantic Slavery, African Landscapes: Change and Transformation in the Era of the Atlantic World Christopher R. DeCorse
7 The Cultivation System in Java, Second Slavery in Brazil, and the World Coffee Economy (ca. 1760–1860) Rafael Marquese
8 African Businesswomen in the Age of Second Slavery in Angola Mariana P. Candido
9 The “Second Slavery” in Africa: Migration and Political Economy in the Nineteenth Century Patrick Manning
10 African Enslavement and the East India Articles: Two Captive-Labor Regimes in the Western Indian Ocean ca. 1750–1900 Janet J. Ewald
11 Dutch Capitalism and Slavery in the Longer Run: A Reorientation Pepijn Brandon
12 Merchant Capital and Slave Trading in the Western Indian Ocean, 1770–1830 Richard B. Allen
13 Coerced Labor in Cameroon and Industrial Progress in Wilhelmine Germany, 1884–1914 Samuel Eleazar Wendt
Contributors
Index
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figures
2.1 British cotton goods exported to Atlantic countries, 1820–1854 (pounds sterling).
2.2 Re-Orient: British cotton goods exported, 1820–1852 (pounds sterling).
2.3 Railroad tracks annually opened, Europe (km).
2.4 Railroad tracks annually opened, North Atlantic (km).
2.5 Average net income per mile (US$).
2.6 Number of railroad companies per section: a highly speculative business.
2.7 Dividend-paying companies.
3.1 Jihad states in the Atlantic World.
3.2 Fuuta Jalon and Fuuta Toro, ca. 1975.
3.3 Bight of Benin interior, ca. 1800.
3.4 Sokoto Caliphate, ca. 1850.
5.1 Group of emancipados , sketched from life.
5.2 The emancipados at Plymouth.
6.1 Elmina Castle in coastal Ghana, founded by the Portuguese in 1482. The current layout is largely the same as it was when the fort was captured by the Dutch in 1637.
6.2 Eighteenth-century map of West and Central Africa with flags marking the locations of the principal forts of different European nations. The inset, dating ca. 1773, shows the detail of coastal Ghana.
6.3 Bunce Island in the Sierra Leone Estuary, first established in the 1670s, emerged as a major center of the British slave trade on the Upper Guinea Coast during the eighteenth century. The island represents the development of the slave trade into an efficient commercial network.
6.4 House ruins in the hilltop settlement of Yagala Old Town, northern Sierra Leone. Such inaccessible locations provided natural protection against slave raiding.
6.5 The capture of a slave ship on the Rio Pongo by the HMS Linnet , 1853.
6.6 The ruins of the Danish plantation house of Daccubie in southern Ghana, a failed colonial project of the early nineteenth century.
8.1 West Central Africa.
8.2 Population of Benguela by legal status.
8.3 Enslaved population of Benguela by gender.
9.1 Central Sudan and the Bights.
10.1 East Central Africa and Indian Ocean.
13.1 Plantations and reservations in the Victoria Division 1897–1899.
13.2 Plantations and reservations in the Victoria Division 1914.
Tables
3.1 Regional Origins of Enslaved, 1501–1775
3.2 Departures by Region, 1776–1865
3.3 Destinations of Enslaved Population, 1776–1865
3.4 Slave Populations of the Western and Central Sudan, ca. 1900
5.1 Installments Luis Llopar Paid for His Freedom in Cuba during the Nineteenth Century
7.1 Estimates of Coffee Exports in Metric Tons, 1755–1790
8.1 Cotton Plantations in Dombe Grande, 1864
8.2 Baptisms in Dombe Grange, 1874–1875
11.1 Slaves in Dutch Southeast Asia, ca. 1680
11.2 Imports from and through the Main Dutch Atlantic Colonies (millions of guilders)
11.3 Size of Dutch Plantation Loans through Negotiation Funds, 1766–1775 (millions of guilders)
11.4 The Brown Family Shipping Network, Reconstructed through the Ports of Call in Trading Ventures, 1757–1815
Introduction
Atlantic/Africa
Dale W. Tomich and Paul E. Lovejoy
T his book explores the connections between two bodies of scholarship that have developed separately from one another. On the one hand, the “second slavery” perspective has reinterpreted the relation of Atlantic slavery and capitalism by emphasizing the extraordinary expansion of new frontiers of slave commodity production—cotton in the US South, sugar in Cuba, and coffee in Brazil during the nineteenth century—and their role in the economic, social, and political transfor