Cellular Physiology and Neurophysiology E-Book , livre ebook

Cellular Physiology and Neurophysiology
SECOND EDITION

MORDECAI P. BLAUSTEIN, MD
Professor, Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Director, Maryland Center for Heart Hypertension and Kidney Disease, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

JOSEPH P.Y. KAO, PhD
Professor, Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

DONALD R. MATTESON, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
Mosby
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CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGY ISBN: 978-0-323-05709-7
Copyright © 2012 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Cartoon in Chapter 1 reproduced with the permission of The New Yorker .
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cellular physiology and neurophysiology / edited by Mordecai P. Blaustein, Joseph P.Y. Kao, and Donald R. Matteson.—2nd ed.
p. ; cm.—(Mosby physiology monograph series)
Rev. ed. of: Cellular physiology / Mordecai P. Blaustein, Joseph P.Y. Kao, Donald R. Matteson. c2004.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-323-05709-7 (pbk. : alk. paper)
I. Blaustein, Mordecai P. II. Kao, Joseph P. Y. III. Matteson, Donald R. IV. Blaustein, Mordecai P. Cellular physiology. V. Series: Mosby physiology monograph series.
[DNLM: 1. Cell Physiological Phenomena. 2. Biological Transport—physiology. 3. Muscle Contraction—physiology. 4. Nervous System Physiological Processes. QU 375]
571.6—dc23
2011036478
Acquisitions Editor: Bill Schmitt
Developmental Editor: Margaret Nelson
Publishing Services Manager: Peggy Fagen/Hemamalini Rajendrababu
Project Manager: Divya Krish
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Printed in United States
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface
Knowledge of cellular and molecular physiology is fundamental to understanding tissue and organ function as well as integrative systems physiology. Pathological mechanisms and the actions of therapeutic agents can best be appreciated at the molecular and cellular level. Moreover, a solid grasp of the scientific basis of modern molecular medicine and functional genomics clearly requires an education with this level of sophistication.
The explicit objective of Cellular Physiology and Neurophysiology is to help medical and graduate students bridge the divide between basic biochemistry and molecular and cell biology on the one hand and organ and systems physiology on the other. The emphasis throughout is on the functional relevance of the concepts to physiology. Our aim at every stage is to provide an intuitive approach to quantitative thinking. The essential mathematical derivations are presented in boxes for those who wish to verify the more intuitive descriptions presented in the body of the text. Physical and chemical concepts are introduced wherever necessary to assist students with the learning process, to demonstrate the importance of the principles, and to validate their ties to clinical medicine. Applications of many of the fundamental concepts are illustrated with examples from systems physiology, pharmacology, and pathophysiology. Because physiology is fundamentally a science founded on actual measurement, we strive to use original published data to illuminate key concepts.
The book is organized into five major sections, each comprising two or more chapters. Each chapter begins with a list of learning objectives and ends with a set of study problems. Many of these problems are designed to integrate concepts from multiple chapters or sections; the answers are presented in Appendix E . Throughout the book key concepts and new terms are highlighted. A set of multiple-choice review questions and answers is contained in Appendix F . A review of basic mathematical techniques and a summary of elementary circuit theory, which are useful for understanding the material in the text, are included in Appendixes B and D respectively. For convenience Appendix A contains a list of abbreviations symbols and numerical constants.
We thank our many students and our teaching colleagues whose critical questions and insightful comments over the years have helped us refine and improve the presentation of this fundamental and fascinating material. Nothing pleases a teacher more than a student whose expression indicates that the teacher’s explanation has clarified a difficult concept that just a few moments earlier was completely obscure.

Mordecai P. Blaustein, Joseph P.Y. Kao, Donald R. Matteson
Acknowledgments
We thank Professors Clara Franzini-Armstrong and John E. Heuser for providing original electron micrographs, and Jin Zhang for an original figure. We are indebted to the following colleagues for their very helpful comments and suggestions on preliminary versions of various sections of the book: Professors Mark Donowitz and Luis Reuss ( Chapters 10 and 11 ); Professors Thomas W. Abrams, Bradley E. Alger, Bruce K. Krueger, Scott M. Thompson, and Daniel Weinreich ( Section IV ); Professors Martin F. Schneider and David M. Warshaw ( Section V ); and Professor Toby Chai ( Chapter 16 ). We also thank the New Yorker for permission to reproduce the cartoon in Chapter 1 .
Table of Contents
Cover
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
SECTION I: Fundamental Physicochemical Concepts
Chapter 1: Introduction: homeostasis and cellular physiology
Chapter 2: Diffusion and permeability
Chapter 3: Osmotic pressure and water movement
Chapter 4: Electrical consequences of ionic gradients
SECTION II: Ion Channels and Excitable Membranes
Chapter 5: Ion channels
Chapter 6: Passive electrical properties of membranes
Chapter 7: Generation and propagation of the action potential
Chapter 8: Ion channel diversity
SECTION III: Solute Transport
Chapter 9: Electrochemical potential energy and transport processes
Chapter 10: Passive solute transport
Chapter 11: Active transport
SECTION IV: Physiology of Synaptic Transmission
Chapter 12: Synaptic physiology i
Chapter 13: Synaptic physiology ii
SECTION V: Molecular Motors and Muscle Contraction
Chapter 14: Molecular motors and the mechanism of muscle contraction
Chapter 15: Excitation-contraction coupling in muscle
Chapter 16: Mechanics of muscle contraction
APPENDIXES
Epilogue
Abbreviations, symbols, and numerical constants
A mathematical refresher
Root-mean-squared displacement of diffusing molecules
Summary of elementary circuit theory
Answers to study problems
Review examination
Index
SECTION I
Fundamental Physicochemical Concepts
1 Introduction: homeostasis and cellular physiology

Objectives

1. Understand the need to maintain the constancy of the internal environment of the body and the concept of homeostasis.
2. Understand the hierarchical view of the body as an ensemble of distinct compartments.
3. Understand the composition and structure of the lipid bilayer membranes that encompass cells and organelles.
4. Und