Mothers of Promise , livre ebook

Mothers of PROMISE
Mothers of PROMISE Women in the Book of Genesis

TAMMI J. S CHNEIDER
2008 by Tammi J. Schneider
Published by Baker Academic a division of Baker Publishing Group P.O. Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516-6287 www.bakeracademic.com
Printed in the United States of America
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means-for example, electronic, photocopy, recording-without the prior written permission of the publisher. The only exception is brief quotations in printed reviews.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Schneider, Tammi J. (Tammi Joy), 1962- Mothers of Promise : women in the book of Genesis / Tammi J. Schneider. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-8010-2949-3 (pbk.) 1. Matriarchs (Bible). 2. Bible. O.T. Genesis-Biography. 3. Bible. O.T. Genesis-Criticism, interpretation, etc. 4. Women in the Bible. I. Title. BS575.S36 2008 222 .110922082-dc22
2008009542
Unless otherwise indicated, Scripture quotations are the author s own translation.
Scripture quotations labeled KJV are from the King James Version of the Bible.
Scripture quotations labeled NJPS are from the New Jewish Publication Society Version 1985 by The Jewish Publication Society. All rights reserved.
Scripture quotations labeled NRSV are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright 1989, by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
Scripture quotations labeled RSV are from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright 1952 [2nd edition, 1971] by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
In loving memory of my grandmother Kate Braunstein Litwak
Contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Part 1 Matriarchs
1 Sarah
2 Rebekah
3 Leah
4 Rachel
5 Review of Part 1
Part 2 Mothers of Potential Heirs (or Slaves, Concubines, Daughters, and Daughters-in-Law)
6 Hagar
7 Esau s Wives
8 Zilpah
9 Bilhah
10 Dinah
11 Mrs. Judah
12 Tamar
13 Asenath
14 Review of Part 2
Part 3 Mothers Who Predate the Promise
15 Eve
16 Adah and Zillah
17 Milcah
18 Mrs. Lot
19 Lot s Daughters
20 Review of Part 3
Part 4 Women Who Do Not Bear
21 The Woman in the Garden
22 Deborah
23 Mrs. Potiphar
24 Review of Part 4
Conclusions
Bibliography
Acknowledgments
M any people deserve my sincere thanks for their help in the writing of this book.
I would like to thank all the people at Baker Academic who worked with me on this project. They have all been helpful and thorough. In particular I would like to single out Jim Kinney, who originally asked me what ideas I had and suggested I write the book.
There are too many students from my classes at Claremont Graduate University, Claremont School of Theology, and the Claremont Colleges to thank individually, but all the students in my classes have contributed to this work by asking the hard questions and working through many of these issues with me. In particular, I would like to single out Leah Rediger Schulte, my research assistant, for her help with all aspects of the manuscript. The women of the Orange County Jewish Feminist Institute are my students, friends, and mentors. I cannot thank them enough for what they have contributed to my research.
I am lucky to work with the two best colleagues in Hebrew Bible: Kristin De Troyer and Marvin A. Sweeney. Both are outstanding scholars who are extremely productive and yet they are always there to discuss anything from research to the personal.
Finally, my family deserves my sincerest thanks. I am lucky to have the love and support of my parents and siblings as well as a large array of cousins, some a bit removed genealogically but extremely close and loving personally. My children, Sarah and Kalilah, and husband, Farooq Hamid, bring me endless joy, ground me, and teach me what matters in the world.
Introduction
E ve got us kicked out of the garden, Sarah is mean to Hagar, Hagar runs away, Lot s wife does not listen and turns into a pillar of salt, her daughters sleep with their father, Rebekah tricks her old husband and firstborn son, Leah is a cow, her pretty sister Rachel is loved, Dinah deserves her rape, Tamar prostitutes herself, Potiphar s wife is a liar. Such is an overview of how religious leaders and scholars have described the women of Genesis.
Are these legitimate representations of female characters in Genesis? Many studies assume that women in Genesis are part of someone else s story. As secondary characters they have been treated as topics not worthy of their own category. Yet a careful reading of Genesis reveals that women function as determiners of who receives the Israelite Deity s promise. 1
Recent studies show women s roles in the narrative are more than just footnotes to the men. Work on Sarah reveals that she is as important to the fulfillment of the Israelite Deity s promise as Abraham. 2 In Judges women are markers of how society is faring, culminating in the failure of a Levite to protect his woman, leading to her gang rape and death. 3 How women mark the life of David and the development of the royal line of Judah reveals women functioning as more than secondary characters. 4 The recent dictionary of named and unnamed women edited by Meyers summarizes much of the new knowledge on women in the biblical text. 5
At issue is how to consider the topic. Following the narrative from beginning to end does not allow for an analysis of the role and function of women, nor does it highlight those elements as part of the story. Inherent in approaching these women in categories is that they must be defined before they are investigated, something I tried to avoid in my initial research.
The data reveal that women in Genesis determine who receives the promise from the Israelite Deity. The designated heir is always male, yet the right mother is critical in that choice. The role of women as wives is significant, but their role as mothers is even more important. This thesis holds true even for Eve and for Adah and Zillah, who predate the divine promise.
The methodology for this book led me to this thesis. Women in the biblical text are seldom considered alone; instead, they are compared to others in the text, usually women. 6 The problem with this approach is that because their characters are already so connected to the actions of others, it is difficult to see what actions they carry out and how they are defined.
In this volume I examine each female character who is the singular subject of at least one verb by using a new approach, verbing the character. 7 The goal is somehow to quantify qualitative data. 8 The approach examines each character from four perspectives: their description, their use as the subject of verbs, their use as the object of either verbs or prepositional phrases, and their relationships.
A few comments are necessary about how I employ this approach in the following study. What counts as a description is not just an adjective but includes nouns applied to the character. Because the Hebrew language does not have a large class of adjectives, and nouns, especially kinship terms, define and describe characters, such nouns will be treated as descriptions of the characters. All the references are embedded in a literary text; thus, just because a character is the subject of a verb does not necessarily mean they are in charge of a situation. The Hebrew Bible was originally written in Hebrew (and Aramaic), and what appears in English translation as someone functioning as the subject may not be so in the original Hebrew. Because Hebrew grammar differs from English, there are places where the distinction between someone functioning as the subject is not as clear-cut as it may appear in a translation, and I will treat those cases that seem to best reflect the agency of that character.
A by-product of this method is that because many of the descriptions of women are in verses where they are subjects and objects, there is repetition. Other cases of duplication occur because many women are the object of another woman s actions and so the same situations will be repeated in different chapters. I have made every effort to minimize this repetition. Duplication is especially problematic where there is already a repetition in the Hebrew text. The problem is that each context reads differently depending on the angle from which it is viewed. I hope the reader will consider the redundancy useful for emphasizing how a different angle or lens reflects the biblical text more thoroughly.
The stress in this study is on the Hebrew and what the words mean or could mean. I use my own translations unless otherwise stated; I strive for a translation that best reflects the Hebrew text, unlike most translations, which try to make the text palatable to an English-speaking ear. As soon as one translates, one interprets, and in this examination I seek to excise some traditional interpretations that creep into the text already in the stage of translation.
This study progresses from some basic premises. There was a process by which the biblical text was constructed, but that process is either impossible or almost impossible to discern. In this analysis I treat the final result. I use the Masoretic Text as represented in Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia as the base text for my translations, though I use the versification of English versions. While employing the Masoretic Text in this volume I recognize that there is no final text.
The boundaries of a story govern a story. The breakdown of sections in this treatment highlights the thesis that the key function of the women in Genesis surrounds who inherits the Deity s promise. 9 In part 1 I