Marx's 'Capital' , livre ebook

Marx’s Capital
 
Marx’s Capital
Sixth Edition
Ben Fine and Alfredo Saad-Filho
 
First published 1975; this edition published 2016 by
Pluto Press, 345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA
www.plutobooks.com
Copyright © Ben Fine and Alfredo Saad-Filho 1975, 2004, 2010, 2016
The right of Ben Fine and Alfredo Saad-Filho to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN    978 0 7453 3603 9    Hardback
ISBN    978 0 7453 3697 8    Paperback
ISBN    978 1 7837 1972 3    PDF eBook
ISBN    978 1 7837 1974 7    Kindle eBook
ISBN    978 1 7837 1973 0    EPUB eBook
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental standards of the country of origin.
Typeset by Stanford DTP Services, Northampton, England
Simultaneously printed in the European Union and United States of America
 
Contents
Acknowledgements
Preface to the Sixth Edition
1 History and Method
Marx’s Philosophy
Marx’s Method
Marx’s Economics
Issues and Further Reading
2 Commodity Production
The Labour Theory of Value
Labour and Labour Power
The Fetishism of Commodities
Issues and Further Reading
3 Capital and Exploitation
Exchange
Capital
Surplus Value and Exploitation
Absolute and Relative Surplus Value
Machinery and Technical Change
Productive and Unproductive Labour
Issues and Further Reading
4 The Circuit of Industrial Capital
The Money Circuit of Capital
The Circuit as a Whole
Issues and Further Reading
5 Economic Reproduction
Simple Reproduction
Expanded Reproduction
Social Reproduction
Issues and Further Reading
6 Accumulation of Capital
Primitive Accumulation
The Development of Capitalist Production
Competition and Capital Accumulation
Issues and Further Reading
7 Capitalism and Crisis
Marx’s Theory of Accumulation and Crisis
Possibilities of Crisis
Accumulation, Crisis and the Development of the Proletariat
Issues and Further Reading
8 The Compositions of Capital
The Technical Composition of Capital
The Organic and Value Compositions
Issues and Further Reading
9 The Falling Rate of Profit
Summary of the Argument
The Law as Such and the Counteracting Tendencies
The Internal Contradictions of the Law
The Empirical Implications of the Law
LTRPF and Crisis Theory
A Response to Okishio
Issues and Further Reading
10 The So-called Transformation Problem
From Values to Prices of Production
Marx’s Transformation and Its Critics
Issues and Further Reading
11 Merchant’s Capital
Marx’s Category of Merchant’s Capital
Modified Prices of Production
Merchant’s Capital at a More Complex Level
Issues and Further Reading
12 Banking Capital and the Theory of Interest
Interest-bearing Capital
Money Capital and the Financial System
Interest as an Economic Category
Issues and Further Reading
13 Marx’s Theory of Agricultural Rent
Differential Rent 1
Differential Rent 2
Absolute Rent
Issues and Further Reading
14 Financialisation, Neoliberalism and the Crisis
The Crisis of Financialisation
Neoliberalism and Crisis
Marxism Facing the Crisis
Crisis and Class Struggle
Issues and Further Reading
15 Marxism and the Twenty-first Century
Class
The State and Globalisation
Capital’s Environment
Socialism
Issues and Further Reading
References
Index
 
Acknowledgements
This book was initially prepared in the early 1970s from courses given by Ben Fine at Birkbeck College, University of London, on ‘Marxist Economics’ and ‘The Distribution of Income and Wealth’. Thanks to those who taught and attended those courses. Bob Rae and Simon Mohun read earlier versions of the first edition, Harald Minken read the fourth edition, and Greg Albo read in detail the fourth and fifth editions. They have made many suggestions which we have incorporated. Many others – especially students from several continents over the decades this book has been in print – have contributed to the improvement of successive editions. We are also indebted to the many colleagues, too numerous to list, who have commented usefully on the text.
We are grateful to everyone at Pluto Press for their support in the relaunch of Marx’s Capital and in particular to Anne Beech and Anthony Winder for their contributions to the publication of this new edition.
 
Preface to the Sixth Edition
Marx’s Capital was originally written in the early 1970s and was very much a product of its time. Then, in Britain and elsewhere, an interest in Marx’s political economy had been awakened after several years of intense repression under the guise of blaming working people and left-wing movements for the end of the post-war boom. This interest grew, and was fed by the evident decline of the world capitalist economy, and the rejection of mainstream explanations for the growing economic malaise associated with stagflation. Much has changed since then, and successive editions of this book have, in their own ways, reflected the shifting fortunes both of the global economy and of political economy.
The fourth edition of Marx’s Capital relaunched this little book with Pluto Press for new times and a new audience in 2004, the third edition having appeared in 1989. The rise of neoliberalism in the 1980s and 1990s had reshaped the capitalist world, extended the hold of global capital to most corners of the planet, and remoulded the political system to support it. Expectations of economic, political and social change were ground down over time, in what has been termed the hollowing out of the state in face of the declining strength and organisation of progressive movements. As the great mobilisations of the 1960s and 1970s receded into the distance, a new generation grew up with much reduced hopes, demands and expectations. For the first time since the mid nineteenth century, there seemed to be no alternatives to capitalism in sight, and the remaining – invariably marginal – exceptions held on precariously and unattractively in the crevices of the brave new ‘globalised’ world. The fourth edition offered a small contribution to the emerging responses to these enormous challenges, and it was well received by a wide audience in several countries.
The publication of the fifth and now this sixth edition anticipates, and hopefully in its own way contributes to, a revival of political economy in general and of Marxist political economy in particular. Such optimism is based on a number of factors.
First, while mainstream economics has tightened its intolerant grip on the discipline, dismissing heterodoxy as failing the tests of mathematical and statistical rigour, there are increasing signs of dissatisfaction with the orthodoxy, and there is a growing search for alternatives among those studying economics and the other social sciences, not least with the demands for heterodoxy, pluralism and alternatives in the teaching of economics.
Second, following the predominance of postmodernism and, especially, neoliberalism in setting intellectual agendas across the social sciences over the past two decades, there is now a reaction against the extremes of their worst excesses in theory and practice. Critical thought has turned towards understanding the nature of contemporary capitalism, as most notably reflected in the rise of concepts such as neoliberalism, financialisation, globalisation and social capital. Inevitably, the result is to raise the question of the economy outside of the discipline of economics itself, and to seek guidance from political economy.
Third, material developments have also promoted the case for political economy. These include the growing realisation that environmental degradation, most especially through global warming, is intimately related to capitalism; the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the recognition that capitalism has not furnished a progressive alternative, even on its own narrow terms; and the eruption of imperial wars and occupations, even if fought under the name of anti-terrorism or human rights.
Fourth, the long period of relative stagnation following the breakdown of the post-war boom, and the rise of postmodernism and neoliberalism, have had the paradoxical effect of allowing the capitalist economy to be perceived as engaging in business as usual with a modicum of success, even if on a sluggish basis. The eruption of financial crises over the past decade, most dramatically the global crisis that started in mid 2007, has shattered this perspective. It has brought to the fore the key role being played by finance in contemporary capitalism. The systemic relations among finance, industry and the rest of the economy more generally should occupy a prominent place in the subject matter of political economy. With capitalism so demonstrably having failed on its own terms, even under conditions that are arguably the most favourable for it, the case for socialism needs to be made as never before. And it rests upon a Marxist analysis both for its critique of capitalism and for the light it sheds on the potential for alternatives.
Each of these issues is reassessed to a greater or lesser extent in this new edition. But the main purpose of the book remains to provide as simple and concise an exposition of Marx’s political economy as the complexity of his ideas allows. Because the book is constrained to be short, the arguments are condensed, but remain simple rather than convoluted; nevertheless, some of the material will require careful reading, particularly the later chapters. Not surprisingly, through its various editions, the text has increased in size, more than doubling from its origi