What Works in Reducing Inequalities in Child Health? , livre ebook
183
pages
English
Ebooks
2012
Obtenez un accès à la bibliothèque pour le consulter en ligne En savoir plus
Découvre YouScribe en t'inscrivant gratuitement
Découvre YouScribe en t'inscrivant gratuitement
183
pages
English
Ebooks
2012
Obtenez un accès à la bibliothèque pour le consulter en ligne En savoir plus
Publié par
Date de parution
28 mars 2012
Nombre de lectures
0
EAN13
9781447314554
Langue
English
Poids de l'ouvrage
3 Mo
The UK has a deservedly strong reputation for work on understanding social inequalities in health, but there is some way to go in using research and other types of knowledge to reduce inequalities in child health. This revised and updated edition of an important report looks at macro public policy interventions, community interventions, and individual level interventions in a variety of settings, including infancy, early years, childhood, adolescence, and particular needs including looked after children. It considers 'what works' - or might work - in practice. There are new case studies, updated research references, and new reference to cost effectiveness - all relevant for doing the right thing in a climate of austerity. Drawing on evidence from the UK and beyond, the book presents these in an accessible form, not just for those who make decisions now, but also for the students of today who are the decision makers of tomorrow. The book is supported by a companion website, containing additional materials for both students and lecturers, which is available from the link above.
Voir
Publié par
Date de parution
28 mars 2012
Nombre de lectures
0
EAN13
9781447314554
Langue
English
Poids de l'ouvrage
3 Mo
WHAT WORKS IN REDUCING INEQUALITIES IN CHILD HEALTH? Second edition
HELEN ROBERTS
WHAT WORKS IN REDUCING INEQUALITIES IN CHILD HEALTH? Second edition
Helen Roberts
Fîrst pubîshed în Great Brîtaîn în 2000 by Barnardo’s,Tanners ane, Barkîngsîde, ïord, EsseX, ïG6 1QG. Thîs edîtîon pubîshed 2012 by The Poîcy Press. © The Poîcy Press 2012
The Poîcy Press Unîversîty o Brîsto Fourth Foor Beacon House Queen’s Road Brîsto BS8 1QU UK t: +44 (0)117 331 4054 : +44 (0)117 331 4093 tpp-îno@brîsto.ac.uk www.poîcypress.co.uk
North Amerîcan oIce: The Poîcy Press c/o The Unîversîty o Chîcago Press 1427 East 60th Street Chîcago, ï 60637, USA t: +1 773 702 7700 • f: +1 773-702-9756sales@press.uchicago.edu • www.press.uchicago.edu
Brîtîsh îbrary Cataoguîng în Pubîcatîon Data A cataogue record or thîs book îs avaîabe rom the Brîtîsh îbrary.
îbrary o Congress Cataogîng-în-Pubîcatîon Data A cataog record or thîs book has been requested.
ïSBN 978 1 84742 996 4 paperback ïSBN 978 1 84742 997 1 hardcover
The rîght o Heen Roberts to be îdentîied as author o thîs work has been asserted by her în accordance wîth the Copyrîght, Desîgns and Patents Act 1988.
A rîghts reserved: no part o thîs pubîcatîon may be reproduced, stored în a retrîeva system, or transmîtted în any orm or by any means, eectronîc, mechanîca, photocopyîng, recordîng, or otherwîse wîthout the prîor permîssîon o The Poîcy Press.
The statements and opînîons contaîned wîthîn thîs pubîcatîon are soey those o the author and not o the Unîversîty o Brîsto or The Poîcy Press. The Unîversîty o Brîsto and The Poîcy Press dîscaîm responsîbîîty or any înjury to persons or property resutîng rom any materîa pubîshed în thîs pubîcatîon.
The Poîcy Press works to counter dîscrîmînatîon on grounds o gender, race, dîsabîîty, age and seXuaîty.
Cover desîgn by Qube Desîgn Assocîates, Brîsto Front cover: îmage kîndy suppîed by Angea Martîn Prînted and bound în Great Brîtaîn by Hobbs, Southampton The Poîcy Press uses envîronmentay responsîbe prînt partners.
®
MIX Paper from responsible sources ® FSC C020438
For Rodney Barker and our chîdren and theîr chîdren
Figures and tables Acknowledgements Foreword by Professor Terence Stephenson Preface
One Two Three Four Five Six Seven
Contents
Introduction What kinds of studies help us understand what works? What works in early life? Infancy and the preschool period What works in childhood and adolescence? What works in keeping children safe? What works for vulnerable groups? Tackling the causes of the causes
References Appendix:Web and other resources Index
vi vii ix xi
1 19 43 59 77 93 111
129 155 163
v
What works in reducing inequalities in child health?
Figures
1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1
3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1
6.1
6.2
6.3
7.1
7.2 7.3
Tables
2.1
3.1 7.1
vi
Tables and figures
Agespecific mortality in England and Wales, 1960–2000 Targeted intervention Shifting the mean The review process: young people and physical activity‘Help I’m ill’ Upstream/downstream: options for oral disease prevention Infant, neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates, England and Wales 1980–2007 Infant mortality by ethnic group, England and Wales 2005–06 ‘Stop bullying now’ ‘Don’t leave us out’ Disabled car Safety device for children crossing the road, Newtown Public School, 5 August 1938 Prevalence of mental disorders among 11 to 15yearolds: lookedafter and private household children Examination results for lookedafter children and the general population Changes in immunisation status of children looked after on 31 March in 1999 and 2000 Mean income inequality ratio and underfive mortality rate in wealthier OECD countries Child wellbeing is better in more equal rich countries The income gap is too large/too small/about right
Horses for courses: different kinds of research evidence for different kinds of question Infant death rates: definitions Examples of nudging and regulating actions
10 16 16 26 38 39 46
47 63 65 66 85
97
99
101
113
114 116
22
45 118
Acknowledgements
Tîme îs a scarce commodîty or those o us ucky enough to be în work. Sharîng that tîme îs a gît. Coeagues who commented, provîded data, or made suggestîons încude îsa Araî, Audrey Brown, ïan Basnett, ïan Buter, Kaîpso Chakîdou, Davîd Coîson, Katherîne Curtîs-Tyer, uîse Dawson,Anne Goymer, Ron Gray, Judîth Harwîn, Jennîer Hoowe, Jenny Kurînczuk, Catherîne aw, Krîstîn îabo, Patrîcîa ucas, Gerrî McAndrew, Dî McNeîsh, Karen Meton, Guy Pamer, Heather Payne, Dougas Sîmkîss, Mîke Steîn, Madeeîne Stevens, James Thomas and Harrîet Ward. ï have earned a great dea rom my coeagues at the Natîona ïnstîtute or Heath and Cînîca EXceence (NïCE), rom the Canadîan ïnstîtutes o Heath Research-unded ïnternatîona Coaboratîon on CompeX ïnterventîons ed by Penny Hawe and rom the Cochrane Pubîc Heath Group ed by îz Waters. ï owe them a a huge debt, partîcuary sînce ï suspect ï may not aways have done justîce to theîr însîghts. ï am grateu or permîssîon to reproduce tabes and igures whose provenance îs acknowedged în the teXt. Athough the amîy îs now rarey a ocatîon or the orma organîsatîon o work, ï have beneited rom both the înteectua and domestîc support o my husband Rodney Barker.Wîthout Ben Barker’s advîsory and cuînary vîsîts, there woud have been no book. He, Hannah, Poy and Tom Barker have, as ever, provîded a structure and narratîve to amîy îe, and theîr rîends, partners and chîdren a constant source o amusement. ï was ortunate enough to spend the decade eadîng up to the turn o the century eadîng R&D în the chîdren’s charîty Barnardo’s, askîng (among other thîngs) what works or chîdren? My work încuded a report whîch was the predecessor to thîs book. Once ît became out o date, Barnardo’s readîy agreed to aow me to draw on ît or the current work. ï am grateu to those acknowedged în my orîgîna report who aowed me to draw on joînt work and to my ormer coeagues în Barnardo’s or theîr encouragement. ï warmy acknowedge the part they pay not ony as a provîder o servîces but aso în pressîng to have outcomes or chîdren on the poîcy agenda, and as eaders o the pack în terms o the use o research evîdence în chîd socîa care. ï competed the ina stages o thîs book whîe a Vîsîtîng Feow at A Sous Coege, OXord. ï am grateu to the Warden, Feows, Mancîpe, Bursar, the Feows’ secretary Humaîra Eran-Ahmed and a the coege staf to have had the opportunîty to work în such unaccustomed spendour. My pubîshers have been a mode o encouragement. ï thank them, în partîcuar Karen Bower, Syvîa Potter, my metîcuous copy edîtor, and the anonymous reerees. Angea Martîn’s cartoons, îke the work o the poet Pîet Heîn, convey the joy o the uness o îe. ï aso thank Terence Stephenson or hîs oreword, and RusseVîner or sharîng hîs room în Unîversîty Coege ondon, whîch may be ess spendîd than A Sous, but whîch has a charm o îts own.
vii
Foreword
We know that socîa înLuences on heath are ar greater than medîca ones. ïn 2007, a UNïCEF report suggested that the we-beîng o chîdren and young peope în the UK was worse than that în many other economîcay advanced natîons. However, most o the actors whîch the UNïCEF report measured were determîned to a greater eXtent by socîa actors than by medîca ones. One o the most pernîcîous actors în socîety whîch seems to împaîr chîdren’s heath and we-beîng îs înequaîty. Fortunatey there remaîns a arge sectîon o socîety who beîeve în equaîty o opportunîty. Sînce young chîdren partîcuary cannot create theîr own opportunîtîes, socîety and the state have to pay a part în thîs as we as the amîy. ï anythîng, în the UK over the ast decade, înequaîtîes have got wîder.We ook envîousy at neîghbourîng countrîes în Europe and wonder why theîr socîetîes seem to unctîon more coherenty and why chîdren and young peope growîng up there score better on measures o we-beîng. Heen Roberts has wrîtten a ine book whîch eXamînes why înequaîtîes arîse în deveoped socîetîes and, more împortanty, what can be done to try to reduce these and împrove the heath and we-beîng o chîdren and young peope.Thîs debate îs not so dramatîc or emotîve as those around open heart surgery, genetîc testîng o the unborn or organ donatîon. However, the îssues whîch Heen Roberts raîses afect ar more chîdren. ï woud commend thîs book to every reader who woud îke to see a better socîety or our chîdren în the uture.
Proessor Terence Stephenson Presîdent, Roya Coege o Paedîatrîcs and Chîd Heath
ix
