Walter and Miller's Textbook of Radiotherapy E-book , livre ebook

Walter and Miller's Textbook of Radiotherapy
Radiation Physics, Therapy and Oncology
Seventh Edition

Paul Symonds, MD FRCP FRCR
Professor of Clinical Oncology, University of Leicester
Consultant Oncologist to the University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, UK

Charles Deehan, BSc(Hons) MSc(Med Sci) PhD MInstP MIPEM CSci
Head of Radiotherapy Physics, Department of Medical Physics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London
Honorary Senior Lecturer, Imaging Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King's College, London, UK

John A. Mills, PhD MinstP MIPEM CPhys
Physicist, Ariane Medical Systems Ltd, Derby, UK

Cathy Meredith, MPH BA DCR(T) TQFE Cert CT Cert Couns
Senior Lecturer, School of Health, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
Churchill Livingstone
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Contributors
Chapter 1: Atoms, nuclei and radioactivity
Introduction
Atomic structure
Nuclear structure
Radioactivity
Chapter 2: Radiation interactions with matter
Introduction
Electron interactions
Photon interactions
Protons and ion beams
Neutron interactions
Chapter 3: Radiation detection and measurement
Introduction
Measurement and standardization of dose
Practical ionization chambers
Thimble ionization chamber
The parallel plate ionization chamber
The beam monitor chamber
Intercomparisons with secondary standard instruments
Strontium consistency check device
Ionization chamber corrections
Alternative dose measurement systems
Other radiation detectors
Chapter 4: Radiation protection
Introduction
Biological effects of radiation
Dose descriptors
Background radiation
Legislative requirements
Protective measures
Monitoring of radiation levels
Chapter 5: Imaging with x-ray, MRI and ultrasound
Introduction
X-ray imaging
Magnetic resonance Imaging
Ultrasound imaging
Chapter 6: Imaging with radionuclides
Introduction
Overview of the radionuclide imaging process
Gamma cameras
Imaging techniques
Gamma camera performance characteristics
Positron emission tomography scanners
Radiopharmaceuticals
Clinical applications
Chapter 7: Therapy with unsealed radionuclides
Introduction
Iodine-131 in the treatment of thyroid disease
Phosphorus-32 in the treatment of refractory myeloproliferative disease
Intra-articular and intracavitary treatments
Palliation of bone pain
Iodine-131 m-IBG therapy in neuroendocrine disease
Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Radiation protection, waste and regulations
Chapter 8: Radiotherapy beam production
General
Kilovoltage x-ray beam machines
Megavoltage linear accelerator machines
Gamma ray beam machines
Custom teletherapy machines
Image guidance
Radiation safety
Commissioning new equipment
Treatment room design
Conclusion
Chapter 9: Radiation treatment planning: immobilization, localization and verification techniques
Introduction
Patient immobilization
Volume definitions
Non-CT contouring devices
Physical simulation
CT simulation
Virtual simulation
A typical head and neck CT simulation procedure
Multimodality images for planning
Portal verification and image guided treatments
Chapter 10: Principles and practice of radiation treatment planning
Introduction
Patient data
Megavoltage photon therapy
Planning tools, calculation and display
Beam arrangements
Kilovoltage photon therapy
Electron therapy
Differences between kilovoltage and electron therapy
Special techniques
Treatment plan checking
Chapter 11: Brachytherapy
Introduction
Indications for brachytherapy
Advantages of brachytherapy
Disadvantages of brachytherapy
Radionuclides in brachytherapy
Radiobiology of brachytherapy
Dosimetry
Gynaecological cancer
Permanent prostate implants
Bronchial cancers
Oesophagus
Bile duct cancer
Breast cancer
Tongue and floor of mouth
Anal cancer
Future trends
Chapter 12: Networking, data and image handling and computing in radiotherapy
Introduction
Networking
Radiotherapy data
Software development
Concluding remarks
Chapter 13: Quality control
General
A commitment to quality control
Safety, position and dose
Frequency, tolerances and failure trends
Measurement and uncertainty
Null hypothesis
Combining variances and tolerances
Setting a tolerance to account for the standard deviation in a measurement
Combined tolerances
Maintenance and catastrophes
Short-term, long-term and immediate monitoring
The radiotherapy process
The radiotherapy technology
Getting things in balance
Quality control checks and scheduling for megavoltage machines
Conclusion
Chapter 14: Quality management in radiotherapy
Introduction – what is quality?
History of quality in radiotherapy
Quality management systems
ISO 9000
The radiotherapy process
An integrated approach to quality and other initiatives
Implementation of new technology and new techniques
Conclusion
Chapter 15: Epidemiology of cancer and screening
The cancer problem
Cancer in the USA
Epidemiology of cancer
Survival and cure in cancer
Epidemiology and the prevention of cancer
Aetiology
Reducing the risks of developing cancer
Pollution
Conclusion
Chapter 16: Biological and pathological introduction
Growth: proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis
Neoplasia
Carcinogenesis
Precancerous lesions
Natural history and spread of cancer
Staging of cancers
Histological grading: differentiation
Growth rate of cancers
Classification of neoplasms
Chapter 17: Molecular, cellular and tissue effects of radiotherapy
Introduction
Ionizing radiation, free radical generation, subcellular radiogenic damage
Recovery, DNA damage repair and cell signalling
Radiation-induced cell killing
Radiation effects in normal and malignant tissue
Other radiation modalities
Future trends (and pitfalls)
Chapter 18: Principles of management of patients with cancer
Introduction
Factors governing clinical decisions
Chapter 19: Chemotherapy and hormones
Introduction
Principles of cytotoxic therapy
Route of administration
Side effects of chemotherapy
Classification of cytotoxic drugs
Chapter 20: Skin and lip cancer
Introduction
Keratinocyte skin tumours
Melanoma
Cutaneous lymphomas
Merkel cell tumours
Skin sarcoma
Kaposi's sarcoma
Skin appendage tumours
Chapter 21: Head and neck cancer – general principles
Introduction
Demographics
Aetiology
Prevention and early diagnosis
Tumour types
Presentation
Investigation
Nutrition
Dentition
Indications for radiotherapy
Radiotherapy planning
Target volumes
Radiotherapy technique
Dose and fractionation
Chemotherapy in head and neck cancer
Chemotherapy in the palliative setting
Toxicity of treatment
Molecular oncology – future developments
Chapter 22: Sino-Nasal, Oral, Larynx and Pharynx Cancers
Nasopharynx
Nose and nasal cavity
Paranasal sinus tumours
Lip and oral cavity carcinoma
Oropharyngeal carcinoma
Larynx
Hypopharyngeal carcinoma
Results
Chapter 23: Thyroid cancer
Introduction and epidemiology
Anatomy
Etiological factors
Presentation, diagnosis and patient pathway
Differentiated thyroid cancer
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC)
Anaplastic thyroid cancer
Thyroid lymphoma
Thyroid sarcoma
Hurthle cell carcinoma
External beam radiotherapy for thyroid cancer
Follow-up policy for thyroid cancer patients
Chapter 24: Gastrointestinal cancer
Cancer of the oesophagus
Stomach
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Pancreas
Colon and rectum
Anal cancer
Chapter 25: Tumours of the thorax
Lung cancer
Conclusion
Chapter 26: Breast cancer
Anatomy
Pathology
Diagnosis
Staging
Treatment of ductal carcinoma-in-situ
Treatment of early breast cancer
Adjuvant hormonal and cytotoxic therapy
Management of locally advanced breast cancer (LABC)
Bone metastases
Overall survival in breast cancer
Follow up
Breast cancer in pregnancy
Breast cancer in males
Chapter 27: Gynaecological cancer
Anatomy
Incidence of gynaecological cancer
Carcinoma of cervix
Carcinoma of endometrium
Sarcomas of the uterus
Cancer of the ovary
Rare tumours of the ovary
Tumours of the vagina and vulva
Chapter 28: Kidney, Bladder, Prostate, Testis, Urethra, Penis
Kidney
Bladder
Prostate
Testis
Testicular lymphoma
Urethra
Penis
Chapter 29: Lymph