Vertigo and Imbalance: Clinical Neurophysiology of the Vestibular System , livre ebook

Handbook of Clinical Neurophysiology
Vertigo and Imbalance: Clinical Neurophysiologyof the Vestibular System

Scott D.Z. Eggers and David S. Zee
ISSN  1567-4231 Volume 9 • Number Suppl. (C) • 2010
Elsevier
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright page
Dedication
Foreword
List of Contributors
Chapter 1: Overview of vestibular and balance disorders
Chapter 2: Overview of anatomy and physiology of the vestibular system
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Labyrinth embryogenesis
2.3 Labyrinthine fluid
2.4 Vestibular receptor cells
2.5 Vestibular sensory epithelium
2.6 Membranous labyrinth
2.7 Bony labyrinth anatomy
2.8 Blood supply to the vestibular labyrinth
2.9 Labyrinthine innervation and the vestibular nerve
2.10 Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)
2.11 Vestibulospinal reflexes
2.12 Vestibulothalamic projections
2.13 Vestibular cortical perception
Chapter 3: Overview of anatomy and physiology of the ocular motor system
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Functional classes of eye movements
3.3 Extraocular muscles
3.4 Neuromuscular junction
3.5 Ocular motoneurons (cranial nerves and nuclei)
3.6 Internuclear
3.7 Supranuclear
Chapter 4: Bedside assessment of the dizzy patient
4.1 History
4.2 Physical exam
Chapter 5: Eye movement measurement
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Electro-oculography
5.3 Video-oculography1
5.4 Outlook
Chapter 6: Magnetic scleral search coil
6.1 Introduction
6.2 History
6.3 Desirable characteristics of eye-movement instrumentation
6.4 Technical description
6.5 Practical considerations
6.6 Drawbacks of search coil systems
6.7 Double magnetic induction
6.8 “Wireless” coil systems
Glossary of selected terms
Chapter 7: Ocular motor testing techniques and interpretation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Electronystagmography (ENG and EOG)
7.3 Testing specific ocular motor functions
Chapter 8: Positioning and positional nystagmus testing
8.1 Background
8.2 Examination and recording methods
8.3 Spontaneous nystagmus
8.4 Testing methods for positional and positioning nystagmus
Chapter 9: Provocative maneuvers for vestibular disorders
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Maneuvers for diagnosing unilateral vestibular loss
9.3 Vibration-induced nystagmus
9.4 Maneuvers aimed at diagnosing pressure sensitivity
9.5 Maneuvers for central conditions
9.6 Maneuvers for cervical and vascular disorders
Chapter 10: Caloric testing
10.1 Background
10.2 Technique
10.3 Interpretation
10.4 Future developments
Chapter 11: Rotational testing
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Earth-vertical axis rotation (EVAR)
11.3 Off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR)
11.4 Unilateral centrifugation/eccentric off-axis rotation
11.5 Visual-vestibular interaction
11.6 Head-only rotational testing
11.7 Conclusion
Chapter 12: Head impulse testing
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Head impulse test of angular vestibulo-ocular reflex
12.3 Head impulse test of semicircular canal function
12.4 Summary
Chapter 13: Vestibulo-ocular responses to sound, vibration and galvanic stimulation
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Vestibular ocular responses to sound and vibration
13.3 Vestibulo-ocular reflexes in response to galvanic vestibular stimulation
13.4 Summary
Chapter 14: Computerized dynamic visual acuity test in the assessment of vestibular deficits
14.1 Requirements of a good measure of dynamic visual acuity
14.2 Clinical DVA testing
14.3 Computerized DVA test
14.4 Conclusions
Chapter 15: Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs)
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Recording requirements
15.3 Stimulus modalities
15.4 Origin of the responses
15.5 Interpretation of results
15.6 Recent developments: ocular VEMPs (or OVEMPs)
Chapter 16: Otolith testing
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Ocular counterroll
16.3 Subjective vertical and horizontal
Chapter 17: Otolith testing
17.1 Introduction
17.2 History of tVOR studies
17.3 Basic anatomy and physiology of otolith function
17.4 The kinematics of eye movements required for compensating head translations
17.5 Measurement and stimulation techniques
17.6 Clinical testing of otolith function
17.7 Ambulation
17.8 Summary
Chapter 18: The cervico-ocular reflex
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Electrophysiological evidence
18.3 Behavioral evidence in normal human vestibular function
18.4 Animal studies in normal vestibular function
18.5 Behavioral evidence in abnormal human vestibular function
18.6 Animal lesion studies in abnormal vestibular function
18.7 Non-rotational evidence for a cervical mediated ocular reflex
18.8 Final thoughts
Chapter 19: Computerized postural control assessment1
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Protocols
19.3 Clinical utilization
Chapter 20: Evaluation of gait and turns
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Overview of methodology common to gait and turns
20.3 Gait
20.4 Turns
20.5 Summary
Chapter 21: Auditory function in the dizzy patient
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Clinical case evaluations
21.3 Summary and conclusions
Chapter 22: Electrocochleography
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Methods of performing electrocochleography
22.3 Apparatus and methods
22.4 Normal recordings
22.5 Electrocochleography in conductive hearing loss
22.6 Electrocochleography in sensory hearing loss
22.7 Electrocochleography in auditory neuropathy
22.8 Electrocochleography in Ménière’s disease
22.9 Conclusions
Chapter 23: Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) and intraoperative BAEP monitoring
23.1 Types of auditory evoked potentials
23.2 BAEP recording techniques
23.3 The normal BAEP waveform
23.4 Generator sources of the BAEPs
23.5 Interpretation of extraoperative diagnostic BAEP studies
23.6 Intraoperative BAEP monitoring
Chapter 24: Functional brain imaging of the vestibular system
24.1 Functional imaging: fMRI and PET
24.2 Functional imaging of the vestibular system
Chapter 25: Vestibular neuritis
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Clinical syndrome
25.3 Epidemiology, spontaneous course, recurrences, and complications
25.4 Laboratory examinations
25.5 Pathophysiology and etiology
25.6 Differential diagnosis and clinical problems
25.7 Management
Chapter 26: Acquired bilateral peripheral vestibulopathy
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Definition and criteria
26.3 Common etiologies and pathophysiology of acquired BVL
26.4 Clinical history (symptoms)
26.5 Physical examination
26.6 Testing methods and documentation of BVL: quantitative assessment of vestibular function and the interaction with visual and somatosensory systems (Tables 4 and 5)
26.7 Imaging and the BVL patient
26.8 Medical management
26.9 Clinical significance
26.10 Research considerations
26.11 Summary
Chapter 27: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Epidemiology
27.3 Symptoms
27.4 Clinical features
27.5 Etiology and pathophysiology
27.6 Treatment
Chapter 28: Ménière’s disease
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Pathogenesis and etiology
28.3 Diagnosis
28.4 Treatment
Chapter 29: Temporal bone and cerebellopontine angle tumors
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Benign temporal bone and cerebellopontine angle disorders
29.3 Malignant lesions of the temporal bone and cerebellopontine angle
Chapter 30: Superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome and perilymphatic fistula
30.1 Overview
30.2 Perilymphatic fistula
Chapter 31: Autoimmune inner ear disease
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Pathophysiology
31.3 Diagnosis
31.4 Treatment
31.5 The future
Chapter 32: Inherited vestibular and vestibulocerebellar disorders
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Clinical syndromes
Chapter 33: Migrainous vertigo
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Migraine and vertigo: more than just coincidence?
33.3 Diagnostic criteria
33.4 Clinical features
33.5 Pathophysiology
33.6 Treatment
33.7 Links between migraine and other neurotological syndromes
33.8 Vestibular testing in patients with migrainous vertigo
Chapter 34: Vestibular disorders in cerebrovascular disease
34.1 Transient ischemic attack
34.2 Labyrinthine infarction
34.3 Brainstem stroke
34.4 Cerebellar stroke
34.5 Thalamic stroke
34.6 Hemispheric stroke
34.7 Vascular compression syndromes
Chapter 35: Vestibular testing and multiple sclerosis
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Clinical examination
35.3 Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO)
35.4 Electro-oculography/electronystagmography
35.5 Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials
35.6 Neurogenic vestibular-evoked potentials
35.7 Conclusion
Chapter 36: Post-traumatic dizziness
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Classifications of post-traumatic dizziness
36.3 Neurophysiologic tests in post-traumatic dizziness