Public Health Nursing - E-Book , livre ebook

Public Health Nursing
Population-Centered Health Care in the Community
9TH EDITION
Marcia Stanhope , PhD, RN, FAAN
Education and Practice Consultant
and
Professor Emerita
College of Nursing
University of Kentucky
Lexington, Kentucky
Jeanette Lancaster , PhD, RN, FAAN
Professor and Dean Emerita
School of Nursing
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, Virginia
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Community Nursing Definitions
Select Examples of Similarities and Differences Between Community-Oriented and Community-Based Nursing
Copyright
About the Authors
Acknowledgements
Introducing Drs Hale and Turner
A Special Thanks to Contributors
Contributors
Preface
Assessment
Policy Development
Assurance
Conceptual Approach to This Text
Organization
New to This Edition
Pedagogy
Evolve Student Learning Resources
Instructor Resources
References
Part 1 Influencing Factors in Health Care and Population-Centered Nursing
Introduction
1 Community and Prevention-Oriented, Population-Focused Practice: The Foundation of Specialization in Public Health Nursing
Public Health Practice: the Foundation for Healthy Populations and Communities
Public Health Nursing as a Field of Practice: an Area of Specialization
Public Health Nursing Versus Community-Based Nursing
Roles in Public Health Nursing
Challenges for the Future
Practice Application
Key Points
Clinical Decision-Making Activities
References
2 History of Public Health and Public and Community Health Nursing
Change and Continuity
Public Health during America's Colonial Period and the New Republic
Nightingale and the Origins of Trained Nursing
America Needs Trained Nurses
School Nursing in America
The Profession Comes of Age
Public Health Nursing in Official Health Agencies and in World War I
Paying the Bill for Public Health Nurses
African-American Nurses in Public Health Nursing
Between the Two World Wars: Economic Depression and the Rise of Hospitals
Increasing Federal Action for the Public's Health
World War II: Extension and Retrenchment in Public Health Nursing
The Rise of Chronic Illness
Declining Financial Support for Practice and Professional Organizations
Professional Nursing Education for Public Health Nursing
New Resources and New Communities: the 1960s and Nursing
Community Organization and Professional Change
Public Health Nursing From the 1970s Into the Twenty-First Century
Public Health Nursing Today
Practice Application
Key Points
Clinical Decision-Making Activities
References
3 The Changing U.S. Health and Public Health Care Systems
Health Care in the United States
Forces Stimulating Change in the Demand for Health Care
Current Health Care System in the United States
Organization of the Health Care System
Forces Influencing Changes in the Health Care System
Health Care Delivery Reform Efforts-United States
Practice Application
Key Points
Clinical Decision-Making Activities
References
4 Perspectives in Global Health Care
Overview and Historical Perspective of Global Health
The Role of Population Health
Primary Health CARE
Nursing and Global Health
Major Global Health Organizations
Global Health and Global Development
Health Care Systems
Major Global Health Problems and the Burden of Disease
Practice Application
Key Points
Clinical Decision-Making Activities
References
Part 2 Forces Affecting Health Care Delivery and Population-Centered Nursing
Introduction
5 Economics of Health Care Delivery
Public Health and Economics
Principles of Economics
Factors Affecting Resource Allocation in Health Care
Primary Prevention
The Context of the U.S. Health Care System
Trends in Health Care Spending
Factors Influencing Health Care Costs
Financing of Health Care
Health Care Payment Systems
Practice Application
Key Points
Clinical Decision-Making Activities
References
6 Application of Ethics in the Community
History
Ethical Decision Making
Ethics
Ethics and the Core Functions of Population-Centered Nursing Practice
Nursing Code of Ethics
Public Health Code of Ethics
Advocacy and Ethics
Practice Application
Key Points
Clinical Decision-Making Activities
References
7 Cultural Diversity in the Community
Culture, Race, and Ethnicity
Cultural Diversity
Cultural Diversity and Health Disparities
Cultural Competent Nursing Interventions
Cultural Nursing Assessment
Practice Application
Key Points
Clinical Decision-Making Activities
References
8 Public Health Policy
Definitions
Governmental Role in U.S. Health Care
Healthy People 2020: an Example of National Health Policy Guidance
Organizations and Agencies That Influence Health
Impact of Government Health Functions and Structures on Nursing
The LAW and Health Care
Laws Specific to Nursing Practice
Legal Issues Affecting Health Care Practices
The Nurse's Role in the Policy Process
Practice Application
Key Points
Clinical Decision-Making Activities
References
Part 3 Conceptual and Scientific Frameworks Applied to Population-Centered Nursing Practice
Introduction
9 Population-Based Public Health Nursing Practice: The Intervention Wheel
The Intervention Wheel Origins and Evolution
Assumptions Underlying the Intervention Wheel
Using the Intervention Wheel in Public Health Nursing Practice
Components of the Model
Adoption of the Intervention Wheel in Practice, Education, and Management
Healthy People 2020
Applying the Nursing Process in Public Health Nursing Practice
Applying the Process at the Individual/Family Level
Applying the Public Health Nursing Process at the Community Level of Practice Scenario
Applying the Public Health Nursing Process to a Systems Level of Practice Scenario
Practice Application
Key Points
Clinical Decision-Making Activities
References
10 Environmental Health
Healthy People 2020 Objectives for Environmental Health
Historical Context
Environmental Health Sciences
Climate Change
Environmental Health Assessments
Applying the Nursing Process to Environmental Health
Environmental Exposure by Media
Right to Know
Risk Assessment
Vulnerable Populations
Precautionary Principle
Environmental Health Risk Reduction
Governmental Environmental Protection
Policy and Advocacy
Referral Resources
Roles for Nurses in Environmental Health
Practice Application
Key Points
Clinical Decision-Making Activities
References
11 Genomics in Public Health Nursing*
The Human Genome and Its Transforming Effect on Public Health
A Brief History of the Science
DNA and Its Relationship to Genomics and Genetics
Current Issues in Genomics and Genetics
Personalized Health Care
Genomic Competencies for the Public Health Workforce
Incorporating Genomics and Genetics Into Public Health Nursing Practice
Application and Practice: Mapping Out a Pedigree
The Future
Practice Application
Key Points
Clinical Decision-Making Activities
References
12 Epidemiology
Definitions of Health and Public Health
Definitions and Descriptions of Epidemiology
Historical Perspectives
Basic Concepts in Epidemiology
Screening
Surveillance
Basic Methods in Epidemiology
Descriptive Epidemiology
Analytic Epidemiology
Experimental Studies
Causality
Applications of Epidemiology in Nursing
Practice Application
Key Points
Clinical Decision-Making Activities
References
13 Infectious Disease Prevention and Control
Historical and Current Perspectives
Transmission of Communicable Diseases
Surveillance of Communicable Diseases
Emerging Infectious Diseases
Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases
Agents of Bioterrorism
Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases
Waterborne Disease Outbreaks and Pathogens
VectorBorne Diseases
Diseases of Travelers
Zoonoses
Parasitic Diseases
Health care-Associated Infections
Practice Application
Key Points
Clinical Decision-Making Activities
References
14 Communicable and Infectious Disease Risks
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Hepatitis
Tuberculosis
Nurse's Role in Providing Preventive Care for Communicable Diseases
Practice Application
Key Points
Clinical Decision-Making Activities
References
15 Evidence-Based Practice
Definition of Evidence-Based Practice
History of Evidence-Based Practice
Paradigm Shift in Use of Evidence-Based Practice
Types of Evidence
Factors Leading to Change
Barriers to Evidence-Based Practice
Steps in the Evidence-Based Practice Process
Approaches to Implementing Evidence-Based Practice
Current Perspectives
Healthy People 2020 Objectives
Example of Application of Evidence-Based Practice to Public Health Nursing
Practice Application
Key Points
Clinical Decision-Making Activities
References
16 Changing Health Behavior Using Health Education with Individuals, Families, and Groups
Healthy People 2020 Objectives for Health Education
Education, Learning, and Change
How People Learn
The Educational Process
Educational Issues
The Educational Product
Groups as a Tool for Health Education
Practice Application
Key Points
Clinical Decision-Making Activities
References
17 Building a Culture of Health through Community Health Promotion
Introduction
Historical Perspectives, Definitions, and Methods
Community Health Promotion Models and Frameworks
The Ecologic Approach to Community Health Promotion
An Integrative Model for Community Health Promotion
Interprofessional Application to Nursing and Public Health
Application of the Integrative Model for Community Health Promotion
Practice Application
Key Points
Clinical Decision-Making Activities
References
Part 4 Issues and Approaches in Population-Centered Nursing
Introduction
18 Community