Phillips' Science of Dental Materials - eBook , livre ebook

Phillips’ Science of DENTAL MATERIALS
Eleventh Edition

KENNETH J. ANUSAVICE, PhD, DMD
Associate Dean for Research, Chair, Department of Dental Biomaterials
Director, Center for Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
SAUNDERS
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SAUNDERS
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PHILLIPS’ SCIENCE OF DENTAL MATERIALS
Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
ISBN 0-7216-9387-3
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Health Sciences Rights Department in Philadelphia, PA, USA: phone: (+1) 215 238 7869, fax: (+1) 215 238 2239, e-mail: healthpermissions@elsevier.com . You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage ( www.elsevier.com ), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’.


NOTICE
Dentistry is an ever-changing field. Standard safety precautions must be followed, but as new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug to be administered to verify the recommended dose, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the licensed prescriber, relying on experience and knowledge of the patient, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient. Neither the publisher nor the editor assumes any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from this publication.
Previous editions copyrighted 1996, 1991, 1982, 1973, 1967, 1960, 1954, 1946, 1940, 1936 by W.B. Saunders Company
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Phillips’ science of dental materials/[edited by] Kenneth J. Anusavice; selected artwork by José dos Santos Jr. — 11th ed.
p.; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7216-9387-3
1. Dental materials. I. Title: Science of dental materials. II. Anusavice, Kenneth J. III. Phillips, Ralph W.
[DNLM: 1. Dental Materials. WU 190 P5625 2003]
RK652.5.P495 2003
617.6′95—dc21
2003045747
Publishing Director: Linda L. Duncan
Executive Editor: Penny Rudolph
Senior Developmental Editor: Kimberly Alvis
Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian
Project Manager: Sharon Corell
Designer: Gail Morey Hudson
Cover Design: Julia Dummitt
with 572 illustrations
Selected artwork by: José dos Santos, Jr.
Graphical illustrations by: Chiayi Shen
Printed in the United States of America
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contributors

Sibel A. Antonson, DDS, PhD , Assistant Professor and Director of Dental Biomaterials, Department of Restorative Dentistry, NOVA Southeastern University, College of Dental Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, Florida

William A. Brantley, PhD , Professor and Director, Graduate Program in Dental Materials Science, Section of Restorative Dentistry, and Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

Pau. Cascone, PhD , Senior Vice President, Technology, The Argen Corporation, San Diego, California

Josephine F. Esquivel-Upshaw, DMD, MS , Assistant Professor, Department of General Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas

Grayson W. Marshall, Jr. , DDS, MPH, PhD , Professor and Chair, Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California

Sally J. Marshall, PhD , Professor and Vice Chair for Research, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California

Barry K. Norling, BSChE, MSChE, PhD , Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas

Rodney D. Phoenix, DDS, MS , Associate Professor and Head, Removable Partial Denture Division, Department of Prosthodontics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas

H. Ralp. Rawls, PhD , Professor and Head, Division of Biomaterials, Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas

Chiay. Shen, PhD , Associate Professor, Department of Dental Biomaterials, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida

John C. Wataha, DMD, PhD , Professor, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
Dedication
The eleventh edition of Phillips’ Science of Dental Materials is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Harold Stanley who passed away in 2001.
Stan’s remarkable contributions to the field of dental materials will benefit the dental profession and our dental patient population well into the future. He has served dentistry with the highest level of moral and ethical standards, and he has set the standard for excellence in scholarship for all future dental materials scientists.
Preface
This book represents a comprehensive overview of the composition, biocompatibility, physical properties, mechanical properties, manipulative variables, and performance of direct and indirect restorative materials and auxiliary materials used in dentistry. The book is intended as a textbook for dental students, dental hygiene students and practicing hygienists, laboratory technicians, and dental materials scientists. It is also designed as an authoritative reference book for dentists, dental assistants, and corporate marketing staff. Although the scientific concepts presented in some chapters are somewhat advanced, the text information in most chapters can be readily understood by individuals with a general college education.
The eleventh edition of Phillips’ Science of Dental Materials is divided into four sections to reflect the focus of the chapters contained in each part. Part I , General Classes and Properties of Dental Materials, consists of eight chapters that cover the structure, physical properties, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of restorative and auxiliary materials used in dentistry. Part II: Auxiliary Dental Materials, contains five chapters on impression materials, gypsum products, dental waxes, casting investments and procedures, and finishing and polishing abrasives and procedures. Part III: Direct Restorative Materials, is focused on five areas, bonding, restorative resins, dental cements, dental amalgams, and direct-filling gold. Part IV: Indirect Restorative Materials, consists of five chapters including dental casting and soldering alloys, wrought metals, dental ceramics, denture base resins, and dental implants. Direct and indirect materials are used to restore function and/or aesthetics in mouths containing damaged, decayed, or missing teeth by producing the restoration directly within the prepared tooth or a prosthesis indirectly in a dental laboratory before placement in the oral cavity, respectively.
The previous 30 chapters have been condensed into the 23 chapters of the eleventh edition by combining Chapters 3 and 16 into the new Chapter 3 , Physical Properties of Dental Materials; Chapters 6 , 7 , and 8 into the new Chapter 9 , Impression Materials; Chapters 22 and 23 into the new Chapter 12 , Casting Investments and Procedures; Chapters 24 and 25 into the new Chapter 16 , Dental Cements; Chapters 17 and 18 into the new Chapter 17 , Dental Amalgams; and Chapters 20 and 27 into the new Chapter 19 , Dental Casting and Soldering Alloys . This condensed format places similar topics into one chapter, making it easier to find information on any given topic.
Each of the chapters contains an introductory terminology section that is designed to familiarize the reader with key words and definitions and a number of critical thinking questions , which are intended to stimulate thinking and to emphasize important concepts. The answers to these questions are generally found in the section or sections immediately after each question. Although the terminology is associated with generally accepted scientific and dental definitions, it is not intended to be a comprehensive dictionary of all terms used in dental biomaterials science.
Several of the chapters represent totally new approaches to the specific subject. Chapter 1 has been revised to provide an introductory overview of the use of dental materials, the historical evolution of biomaterials, and standards for safety and quality assurance. Chapters 5 , 6 , 19 , and 20 have been restructured to reflect an updated review of casting and wrought metals. Chapter 7 reflects a new approach on the science of dental polymers. Chapter 8 is a totally new summary of the basic principles and clinical implications of biocompatibility evaluation. Chapter 9 represents an integration of the three previous chapters on impression materials. Chapter 14 is a new overview of the systems and principles for use of dental adhesives. Chapter 15 reflects a more applied review of restorative resins. Chapter 16 on dental cements is an expanded desc