Netter's Atlas of Neuroscience E-Book , livre ebook

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Netter's Atlas of Neuroscience
Fourth Edition

David L. Felten, MD, PhD
Associate Dean of Clinical Sciences, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, New York, New York
M. Kerry O’Banion, MD, PhD
Professor and Vice Chair Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, Director of the Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York
Mary Summo Maida, PhD
Adjunct Professor of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York
Table of Contents
Instructions for online access
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
About The Authors
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Preface
About The Artists
Video Contents
Section I. Overview of the Nervous System
1. Neurons and Their Properties
Anatomical and Molecular Properties
1.2. 3D Neuronal Structure and Neurohistology
1.3. Neuronal Ultrastructure
1.4. Types of Synapses
1.5. Neuronal Cell Types
1.6. Molecular Techniques for Studying Neurons
1.7. Genetic Models for Studying Neurons and Their Disorders
1.8. Glial Cell Types
1.9. Astrocyte Biology
1.10. Microglial Biology
1.11. Oligodendrocyte Biology
1.12. Neuronal Growth Factors and Trophic Factors
1.13. Stem Cells in the CNS: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Mechanisms
1.14. Stem Cell Therapy
1.15. Blood-Brain Barrier
1.16. Inflammation in the CNS
1.17. Axonal Transport in the CNS And PNS
1.18. Myelination of CNS AND PNS Axons
1.19. Development of Myelination and Axon Ensheathment
Electrical Properties
1.21. Neuronal Membrane Potential and Sodium Channels
1.22. Graded Potentials in Neurons
1.23. Mechanisms of Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
1.24. Action Potentials
1.25. Propagation of the Action Potential
1.26. Node Of Ranvier And Conduction Velocity
1.27. Classification of Peripheral Nerve Fibers by Size and Conduction Velocity
1.28. Electromyography and Conduction Velocity Studies
1.29. Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Inhibition
1.30. Spatial and Temporal Summation
1.31. Normal Electrical Firing Patterns of Cortical Neurons and the Origin and Spread of Seizures
1.32. Electroencephalography
1.33. Types of Electrical Discharges in Generalized Seizures and Sites of Action of Antiseizure Medications
1.34. Visual and Auditory Evoked Potentials
Neurotransmitter and Signaling Properties
1.36. Mechanisms of Molecular Signaling in Neurons
1.37. Neurotransmitter Release
1.38. Multiple Neurotransmitter Synthesis, Release, and Signaling from Individual Neurons
1.39. Neuronal Signal Transduction: Local Regulation of Synaptic Strength at an Excitatory Synapse
1.40. Neuronal Signal Transduction: Regulation of Nuclear Signaling
1.41. Glucocorticoid Regulation of Neurons and Apoptosis
1.42. Chemical Neurotransmission (CONTINUED)
2. Skull and Meninges
2.1. Interior View of the Base of the Adult Skull
2.2. Foramina in the Base of the Adult Skull
2.3. Bony Framework of the Head and Neck
2.4. Schematic of the Meninges and Their Relationships to the Brain and Skull
2.5. Hematomas
3. Brain
3.1. Surface Anatomy of the Forebrain: Lateral View
3.2. Lateral View of the Forebrain: Functional Regions
3.3. Lateral View of the Forebrain: Brodmann’s Areas
3.4. Anatomy of the Medial (Midsagittal) Surface of the Brain in Situ
3.5. Anatomy of the Medial (Midsagittal) Surface of the Brain, with Brainstem Removed
3.6. Medial Surface of the Brain
3.7. Anatomy of the Basal Surface of the Brain, with the Brainstem and Cerebellum Removed
3.8. Basal Surface of the Brain: Functional Areas and Brodmann’s Areas
3.9. Brain Imaging: Computed Tomography Scans, Coronal and Sagittal
3.10. Brain Imaging: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Axial and Sagittal T1-Weighted Images
3.11. Brain Imaging: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Axial and Sagittal T2-Weighted Images
3.12. Positron Emission Tomography Scanning
3.13. Horizontal Brain Sections Showing the Basal Ganglia
3.14. Major Limbic Forebrain Structures
3.15. Corpus Callosum
3.16. Color Imaging of the Corpus Callosum by Diffusion Tensor Imaging
3.17. Hippocampal Formation and Fornix
3.18. Thalamic Anatomy
3.19. Thalamic Nuclei
4. Brainstem and Cerebellum
4.1. Brainstem Surface Anatomy: Posterolateral View
4.2. Brainstem Surface Anatomy: Anterior View
4.3. Cerebellar Anatomy: External Features
4.4. Cerebellar Anatomy: Internal Features
5. Spinal Cord
5.1. Spinal Column: Bony Anatomy
5.2. Lumbar Vertebrae: Radiography
5.3. Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy in Situ
5.4. The Spinal Cord: Its Meninges and Spinal Roots
5.5. Spinal Cord: Cross-Sectional Anatomy in Situ
5.6. Spinal Cord: White and Gray Matter
6. Ventricles and the Cerebrospinal Fluid
6.1. Ventricular Anatomy
6.2. Ventricular Anatomy in Coronal Forebrain Section
6.3. Anatomy of the Fourth Ventricle: Posterior View with Cerebellum Removed
6.4. Anatomy of the Fourth Ventricle: Lateral View
6.5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Ventricles: Axial and Coronal Views
6.6. Circulation of the Cerebrospinal Fluid
6.7. Hydrocephalus and Shunting of the Cerebrospinal Fluid
6.8. Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
7. Vasculature
Arterial System
7.2. Arterial Supply to the Brain and Meninges
7.3. Common Sites of Cerebrovascular Occlusive Disease
7.4. Internal Carotid and Ophthalmic Artery Course and Cavernous Sinus Fistula
7.5. Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Basal View
7.6. Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Cutaway Basal View Showing the Circle of Willis
7.7. Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Frontal View with Hemispheres Retracted
7.8. Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Coronal Forebrain Section
7.9. Types of Strokes
7.10. Lacunar Infarcts
7.11. Schematic of Arteries to the Brain
7.12. Circle of Willis: Schematic Illustration and Vessels in Situ
7.13. Intracranial Aneurysms and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
7.14. Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Lateral and Medial Views
7.15. Territories of the Cerebral Arteries
7.16. Magnetic Resonance Angiography: Frontal and Lateral Views
7.17. Angiographic Anatomy of the Internal Carotid Circulation
7.18. Vertebrobasilar Arterial System
7.19. Angiographic Anatomy of the Vertebrobasilar System
7.20. Occlusive Sites of the Vertebrobasilar System
7.21. Vascular Supply to the Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland
7.22. Arterial Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord: Longitudinal View
7.23. Anterior and Posterior Spinal Arteries and Their Distribution
7.24. Arterial Supply to the Spinal Cord: Cross-Sectional View
Venous System
7.26. Veins: Superficial Cerebral, Meningeal, Diploic, and Emissary
7.27. Venous Sinuses
7.28. Deep Venous Drainage of the Brain
7.29. Deep Venous Drainage of the Brain: Relationship to the Ventricles
7.30. Carotid Venograms: Venous Phase
7.31. Magnetic Resonance Venography: Coronal and Sagittal Views
7.32. Venous Drainage of the Brainstem and the Cerebellum
7.33. Venous Drainage of the Spinal Cord
8. Developmental Neuroscience
8.1. Formation of the Neural Plate, Neural Tube, and Neural Crest
8.2. Neurulation
8.3. Neural Tube Development and Neural Crest Formation
8.4. Development of Peripheral Axons
8.5. Somatic Versus Splanchnic Nerve Development
8.6. Limb Rotation and Dermatomes
8.7. Neural Proliferation and Differentiation: Walls of the Neural Tube
8.8. Neural Tube and Neural Crest Derivatives
8.9. Early Brain Development: The 28-Day-Old Embryo
8.10. Early Brain Development: The 36-Day-Old Embryo
8.11. Early Brain Development: The 49-Day-Old Embryo and the 3-Month-Old Embryo
8.12. Forebrain Development: 7 Weeks Through 3 Months
8.13. The 6-Month and 9-Month Central Nervous Systems
8.14. Neurogenesis and Cell Migration in the Developing Neocortex
8.15. Postnatal and Adult Neurogenesis
8.16. Comparison of 5½-Week and Adult Central Nervous System Regions
8.17. Alar And Basal Plate Derivatives in the Brainstem
8.18. Adult Derivatives of the Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain
8.19. Cranial Nerve Primordia
8.20. Cranial Nerve Neuron Components
8.21. Development of Motor and Preganglionic Autonomic Nuclei in the Brainstem and Spinal Cord
8.22. Development of the Eye and Orbit
8.23. Development of the Ear
8.24. Development of the Pituitary Gland
8.25. Development of the Ventricles
8.26. Development of the Fourth Ventricle
8.27. Neural Tube Defects
8.28. Defects of the Brain and Skull
8.29. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Section II. Regional Neuroscience
9. Peripheral Nervous System
Introduction and Basic Organization
9.2. Anatomy of a Peripheral Nerve
9.3. Nerve Compression and Pressure Gradients
9.4. Peripheral Nerve Injury and Degeneration in a Compression Neuropathy
9.5. Relationship of Spinal Nerve Roots to Vertebrae
9.6. Lumbar Disc Herniation: L4–L5 and L5–S1
9.7. Sensory Channels: Reflex and Cerebellar
9.8. Sensory Channels: Lemniscal
9.9. Motor Channels: Basic Organization of Lower and Upper Motor Neurons
9.10. Autonomic Channels
9.11. Cutaneous Receptors
9.12. Pacinian Corpuscles
9.13. Interoceptors
9.14. Skin and Its Nerves
9.15. The Neuromuscular Junction and Neurotransmission
9.16. Physiology of the Neuromuscular Junction
9.17. Major Structures and Proteins in the Normal Neuromuscular Junction
9.18. Neuroeffector Junctions
Somatic Nervous System
9.20. Cutaneous Distribution of Peripheral Nerves
9.21. Cutaneous Nerves of the Head and Neck
9.22. Cervical Plexus in Situ
9.23. Cervic