Human Anatomy, Color Atlas and Textbook E-Book , livre ebook

Human Anatomy
COLOR ATLAS AND TEXTBOOK
Fifth Edition

J.A. GOSLING, MD, MB CHB, FRCS
Professor of Anatomy, Stanford University, USA

P.F. HARRIS, MD, MB CHB, MSC
Emeritus Professor of Anatomy, University of Manchester, UK

J.R. HUMPHERSON, MB CHB
Formerly Senior Lecturer in Anatomy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

I. WHITMORE, MD, MBBS, LRCP MRCS
Professor of Anatomy, Stanford University, USA

P.L.T. WILLAN, MB CHB, FRCS
Formerly Professor of Anatomy, University of UAE, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
MOSBY
Copyright
MOSBY ELSEVIER
An imprint of Elsevier Limited
First edition 1985
Second edition 1990
Third edition 1996
Fourth edition 2002
© 2008, Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved.
The right of J.A. Gosling, P.F. Harris, J.R. Humpherson, I. Whitmore and P.L.T. Willan to be identified as author/s of this work has been asserted by him/her/them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publishers. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Health Sciences Rights Department, 1600 John F. Kennedy Boulevard, Suite 1800, Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899, USA: phone: (+1) 215 239 3804; fax: (+1) 215 239 3805; or, e-mail: healthpermissions@elsevier.com . You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage ( http://www.elsevier.com ), by selecting ‘Support and contact’ and then ‘Copyright and Permission’.
ISBN: 978-0-7234-3451-1
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

Notice
Medical knowledge is constantly changing. Standard safety precautions must be followed, but as new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug to be administered to verify the recommended dose, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on experience and knowledge of the patient, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient. Neither the Publisher nor the author assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from this publication.
The Publisher
Commissioning Editor: Madelene Hyde
Development Editor: Heather McCormick, Joanne Scott
Project Manager: Bryan Potter
Design: Stewart Larking
Illustration Manager: Bruce Hogarth
Illustrator: Richard Tibbitts/Antbits
Marketing Manager: Alyson Sherby
Photography by:
A.L. Bentley ABIPP, AIMBI, MBKS
Medical Photographer, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
Embalming and section cutting by:
J.T. Davies LIAS
Formerly Senior Anatomical Technician, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
Contributors to previous editions:
J.L. Hargreaves BA( Hons )
Medical Photographer
Printed in Spain
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface to fifth edition
This edition maintains the unique combination of concise yet comprehensive text with images of dissections, each undertaken to illustrate features described in the text. Typically the illustrations and text are grouped together on the left and right sides of self-contained spreads, making for easy cross-reference.
In this fifth edition we have been driven by a desire to improve the contents and enhance their relevance as new courses evolve. The text has been refined by remedying omissions and removing ambiguities. In addition, all the diagrams accompanying the dissections have been checked and, where necessary, amended to improve clarity and accuracy. Several free-standing diagrams, including those illustrating dermatomes, have been redrawn. The introductory pages for the chapters on the abdomen and back have been expanded and improved.
In many institutions changing educational approaches have resulted in the phasing out of traditional topographical anatomy courses that included dissection. In their place have appeared integrated courses which incorporate imaging and clinical anatomical relevance. We have responded to this trend by enhancing the radiographic content; for example, in the observation skills pages for the upper and lower limbs scans are accompanied by corresponding cadaver sections. New chest radiographs appear in the thorax chapter and several radiographs have been replaced by higher quality images. New material describing clinical correlations has been integrated throughout the text and none of the anatomical content of the fourth edition has been deleted.
The terminology conforms to the internationally agreed Terminologia Anatomica. In addition this edition possesses a list of “alternative terms”, including eponyms, which have been selected because they are used frequently. The larger font size for text introduced in the fourth edition has been retained and the font for figure labels changed.
J.A.G., P.F.H., J.R.H., I.W., P.L.T.W., 2008

Acknowledgements for all editions
The authors are indebted to Dr Waqar Bhatti, Professors R.S. Harris and A.R. Moody and to the Department of Radiology at Manchester University for the provision of radiographs, CT and MR scans.
Our families deserve a special mention, as without their untiring support and patience these editions would certainly not have come to publication.
We thank them all.
Preface to first edition
Despite the many anatomical atlases and textbooks currently available, there appeared to be a need for a book which combined the advantages of each of these forms of presentation. This book was conceived with the intention of filling that need. With a unique combination of photographs of dissections, accompanying diagrams and concise text, this volume aims to provide the student with a better understanding of human anatomy.
The basis of this work is the cadaver as seen in the dissecting room; therefore, reference to surface and radiological anatomy is minimal. Likewise, comments on the clinical and functional significance of selected anatomical structures are brief. However, comparison is made where appropriate between the anatomy of the living and that of the cadaver.
Each dissection was specially prepared and photographed to display only a few important features. However, since photographs of dissections are inherently difficult to interpret, each is accompanied by a guide in the form of a drawing. Each drawing is coloured and labelled to highlight the salient features of the dissection and is accompanied by axes to indicate the orientation of the specimen. Adjacent photographs often depict different stages of the same dissection to help the student construct a three-dimensional image.
The first chapter introduces anatomical terminology, provides general information about the basic tissues of the body, and includes overall views of selected systems. Because the six subsequent chapters describe anatomy primarily through dissection, a regional approach has been employed. Features of bones are described only when considering their related structures, especially muscles and joints; osteology is not considered in its own right. The internal structure of the ear and eye are beyond the scope of this book since the study of these topics requires microscopy; the anatomy of the brain and spinal cord are also excluded as they are usually taught in special courses.
The level of detail contained in this book is appropriate for current courses in topographical anatomy for medical and dental undergraduates. In addition, it will be of value to postgraduates and to students entering those professions allied to medicine in which anatomy is part of the curriculum.
The terminology employed is that which is most frequently used in clinical practice. Where appropriate, alternatives (such as those recommended in Nomina Anatomica ) are appended in brackets.
Preparation of the dissections and the text has occupied the authors for nearly five years. Our objective was to create a high quality and visually attractive anatomical work and we hope that the time and effort spent in its preparation is reflected in the finished product.
J.A.G., P.F.H., J.R.H., I.W., P.L.T.W. Manchester, 1985
Human Anatomy User Guide

Organization
This book begins with a chapter on basic anatomical concepts. Then there are seven chapters, each with its own introduction, on the different regions of the body. Information is usually presented in dissection order, progressing from the surface to deeper structures. The limbs are described from proximal to distal with the joints considered last.

Texts and Photographs
Where possible the text and photographs are arranged on self-contained two-page spreads, so that the reader can locate relevant illustrations without turning a page. In these cases, the references in brackets appear as “(Fig.x.xx)”. Additional cross-references to illustrations or text are given as “(see Fig. y.yy)” or “(see page z)” which direct the reader to a different spread.

Accompanying Diagrams
Adjacent to each photograph is a line diagram in which colo