Glaucoma E-Book , livre ebook

Glaucoma
Second Edition
Tarek M Shaarawy PD MD MSc
Privat Docent, University of Geneva, Consultant Ophthalmologist and Head, Glaucoma Sector, Ophthalmology Service, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
Mark B Sherwood FRCP FRCS FRCOphth
Daniels Professor, Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, Director of Vision Research Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Roger A Hitchings FRCS FRCOphth
Emeritus Professor Glaucoma and Allied Studies, University of London, Consultant Surgeon (rtd), Moorfi elds Eye Hospital, London, UK
Jonathan G Crowston PhD FRCOphth FRANZCO
Ringland Anderson Professor, Head of Ophthalmology, Melbourne University, Director, Centre for Eye Research Australia, Melbourne, Australia

London, New York, Oxford, Philadelphia, St Louis, Sydney, Toronto
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Video Table of Contents
First Edition Foreword
Preface
List of Contributors
Acknowledgements
Contributor Locations
Dedication
The Editors
Volume 1 Medical Diagnosis & Therapy
Section 1 Glaucoma in the World
1 Prevalence and Geographical Variations
Introduction
Epidemiological Methods
Definition of Glaucoma for Use in Epidemiological Surveys
Regional Variation in Glaucoma Prevalence and Type
Geographical Variation in Risk Factors
References
References
References
2 Screening for Glaucoma
Introduction
Criteria for Screening
Screening Concepts
Risk Factor Screening in Open-Angle Glaucoma
Risk Factor Screening in Angle-Closure Glaucoma
References
Acknowledgments
References
3 Economics of Glaucoma Care
Introduction
Types of Economic Analysis
Framework for Looking at Costs in Glaucoma: A Common Vocabulary - Vancouver
What is Currently Known: Costs of Visual Disorders and Blindness
What is Currently Known: Costs in Glaucoma
What is Currently Known: Benefits
Additional Issues and Future Perspectives
References
References
References
4 Practical Application of Glaucoma Care in Different Societies
Introduction
Practical Considerations in the Management of Glaucoma in Sub-Saharan Africa
Glaucoma Care: The Nongovernmental Organization Perspective
Glaucoma Services in a Developing Country Setting
References
References
Section 2 Pathogenesis
5 Functional Morphology of the Trabecular Meshwork Outflow Pathways
Introduction
The Trabecular Meshwork Outflow Pathways
Acknowledgment
References
References
6 Aqueous Humor Dynamics and Intraocular Pressure Elevation
Introduction
Aqueous Humor Dynamics in the Healthy Human Eye
Aqueous Humor Dynamics in Clinical Syndromes Affecting Intraocular Pressure
References
7 Pathogenesis of Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy
Background
Normal Organization of the Lamina Cribrosa: Relevance to the Pathogenesis of Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy
Axon Organization in the Optic Nerve Head: A Role for Mechanical Factors
Astroglial Interactions within the Lamina Cribrosal: Translating the Effects of Stress and Strain
Optic Nerve Head Astrocytes: Translating Optic Nerve Stress into Axon Damage
Blood Supply: Normal and Glaucoma
What is the Role of IOP in Initiating Axon Loss?
How Does Axon Damage Result in RGC Loss?
Retinal Factors in the Initiation of Retinal Ganglion Cell Death
Conclusions
References
8 Mechanical Strain and Restructuring of the Optic Nerve Head
The Optic Nerve Head (ONH) as a Biomechanical Structure
Mechanical Environment of the Optic Nerve Head and Peripapillary Sclera
Restructuring and Remodeling of the Optic Nerve Head
Future Directions
References
9 Role of Ocular Blood Flow in the Pathogenesis of Glaucoma
Findings of Ocular Blood Flow Studies in Glaucoma and their Interpretation
Potential Mechanisms of Ocular Blood Flow Reduction in Glaucoma Patients
Current Evidence of Abnormal Ocular Blood Flow in Glaucoma
Conclusion
References
Section 3 Evaluation of Glaucoma
10 Tonometry and Intraocular Pressure Fluctuation
Introduction
Goldmann Applanation Tonometry
Noncontact Tonometry
The Tonopen
The Pascal Dynamic Contour Tonometer
Rebound Tonometry
Home Tonometry
Continuous Tonometry
Intraocular Pressure Fluctuation
References
11 Visual Fields
Introduction
Manual Visual Field Testing
Automated Visual Field Testing
Patterns of Visual Field Loss in Glaucoma
Measurement Variability
Interpretation of Visual Field Results
Technical Tips for Users
References
12 Long-Term Follow-Up of Visual Fields
Introduction
The Nature of Visual Field Progression in Glaucoma
Variability of Visual Fields
Practical Aspects of Monitoring Patients
Frequency of Visual Field Testing in Clinical Practice
Strategies for Longitudinal Follow-Up of Visual Fields
Global Indices for Monitoring Progression
Clinical Decision Tools and Endpoints for Clinical Trials in Glaucoma
Future Directions
References
13 Function-Specific Perimetry
Introduction
Short-Wavelength Automated Perimetry (SWAP)
Frequency Doubling Perimetry (FDT)
Comparison Among Instruments
Conclusion
References
14 Electrophysiology in Glaucoma Assessment
Introduction
Multifocal Recording Techniques for Electroretinogram/Pattern Visual Evoked Potential (ERG/VEP)
Multifocal Techniques in Glaucoma
Mode of Action
Strengths and Limitations
Reference Population
Comparison with Other Tests
Storage and Retrieval of Data
Instrument Printouts and Interpretation of Data
Artefacts and How to Prevent Them
Technical Tips for Users
References
15 Gonioscopy
Keypoints
Introduction
Historical Background of Gonioscopy
Optical Principles
Goniolenses
Gonioscopic Techniques
Identification of Angle Structures
Grading of Angle Width
Pathological Findings
References
16 Ultrasound Biomicroscopy*
Instrumentation for Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
New High-Resolution UBMs
Examination Techniques
Measurement Parameters
UBM and Glaucoma
UBM Use in Glaucoma Research
UBM and Surgical Treatment of Glaucoma
Congenital Glaucoma
Post-Traumatic Glaucoma
Study of Schlemm's Canal
UBM and Other Anterior Segment Imaging Technologies
References
17 Angle Imaging: Ultrasound Biomicroscopy and Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography
Introduction
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM)
Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography (AS-OCT)
UBM and AS-OCT Compared
Other Technologies
References
18 The Impact of Central Corneal Thickness and Corneal Biomechanics on Tonometry
Introduction
The Impact of Central Corneal Thickness on Tonometry
The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study
Central Corneal Thickness Differences Among Racial Groups
Central Corneal Thickness - Tonometry Artifact, or Something More?
The Cornea is Not a Piece of Plastic - The Impact of Material Properties
The Cornea Following Refractive Surgery
Implications for Clinical Practice
References
References
References
References
19 Optic Disc Photography in the Diagnosis of Glaucoma
Introduction
Optic Disc Size
Optic Disc Shape
Neuroretinal Rim Size
Neuroretinal Rim Shape
Neuroretinal Rim Pallor
Optic Cup Size in Relation to the Optic Disc Size
Configuration and Depth of the Optic Cup
Cup-to-Disc Ratios
Position of the Exit of the Central Retinal Vessel Trunk on the Lamina Cribrosa Surface
Optic Disc Hemorrhages
Peripapillary Chorioretinal Atrophy
Diameter of Retinal Arterioles
Evaluation of the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer
References
References
References
20 Optic Disc Imaging
Introduction
Heidelberg Retina Tomograph
Time Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
References
21 Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL) Photography and Computer Analysis
Introduction
Red-Free Ophthalmoscopy and Photography
Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy: Topographic Analysis of the RNFL
Optical Coherence Tomography
Scanning Laser Polarimetry
Acknowledgment
References
22 Structure-Function Relationships in Glaucoma
Introduction
Clinical Relevance of the Structure-Function Relationship
Assumptions for Inferences from Structure-Function Relationships
The Evolution of Understanding the SF Relationship
Structure-Function Dissociation
Factors Influencing the SF Relationship
Models Linking Structure and Function
The Topographical Relationship between Structure and Function
Structure-Function Relationships in the Macula
Future Directions
References
23 Measuring Glaucoma Progression in Clinical Practice
Introduction
Structural Measurements of Progression
Functional Measurements of Progression
New Models for Determining R