Comprehensive Cytopathology E-Book , livre ebook

Comprehensive Cytopathology
Fourth Edition
Marluce Bibbo, MD ScD FIAC FASCP
Professor of Pathology and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Pathology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
David C. Wilbur, MD
Professor of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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London, New York, Oxford, Philadelphia, St Louis, Sydney, Toronto
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
List of Contributors
Preface
Dedication
Acknowledgments
List of Virtual Images
Guidelines How to View the Slide
Part 1 General Cytology
1 The Cell
Basic Structure and Function of Mammalian Cells
The Molecular Basis of Neoplasia
Concluding Remarks
References
2 Basic Cytogenetics and the Role of Genetics in Cancer Development
Introduction
Historical Background
Basic Knowledge of Cytogenetics
Methodology
Acquired Chromosomal Aberrations in Cancer
Clinical Applications of Conventional Cytogenetics and FISH in Cytology
Concluding Remarks
References
3 Cytologic Screening Programs
Principles of Screening
Cervical Cancer and Screening
Early Detection of Cancer in Other Sites
New Developments in Cytological Screening
Concluding Remarks
References
4 Diagnostic Quality Assurance in Cytopathology
Introduction
Quality Assurance Measures
Internal Quality Assurance Mechanisms
Computer-assisted Quality Assurance Mechanisms
External Quality Assurance Mechanisms
Continuing Education Practices
Concluding Remarks
References
5 Evaluation of the Non-gynecologic Sample in Smears and Liquid-based Preparations
Introduction
Non-gynecologic Cytology
Concluding Remarks
References
Part 2 Diagnostic Cytology
Section A Female Genital Tract
6 The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology
The Bethesda System: Historical Perspective
Report Format
Specimen Adequacy
General Categorization
Interpretation/Result
Educational Notes/Suggestions
Ancillary Testing
Automated Review
Interobserver Reproducibility in Cervical Cytology
The Bethesda System and Reporting Anal-Rectal Cytology
Concluding Remarks
References
7 Microbiology, Inflammation, and Viral Infections
Introduction
Vaginal Microbiology
General Features
Infections of the Female Genital Tract
Concluding Remarks
References
8 Benign Proliferative Reactions, Intraepithelial Neoplasia, and Invasive Cancer of the Uterine Cervix
Introduction and History
The Normal Uterine Cervix
Benign Squamous Changes
HPV and Squamous Lesions of the Cervix
Epithelial Cell Abnormalities
Immunohistochemistry and Cervical Cytology
Concluding Remarks
References
9 Glandular Neoplasms of the Uterine Cervix
Introduction
Endocervical Canal Normal Histology and Cytology
Human Papillomavirus, Other Cofactors, and their Role in Endocervical Carcinogenesis
Endocervical Adenocarcinoma in Situ
Endocervical Adenocarcinoma
Atypical Glandular Cells
Benign and Non-glandular Neoplastic Processes that Mimic Endocervical and Endometrial Neoplasia
Diagnostic Accuracy of Cervical Cytology Regarding Glandular Lesions
Management of Glandular Neoplastic Lesions and Atypical Glandular Cells
Concluding Remarks
References
10 Endometrial Hyperplasia and Carcinoma, Extrauterine Cancer, and Unusual Tumors
Introduction
Endometrial Physiology
Overview of Endometrial Carcinoma
Sensitivity and Specificity of Sampling Techniques for Endometrial Disease
Normal-appearing Endometrial Cells and Gestational Changes
The Detection of Endometrial Abnormalities
Unusual Uterine Tumors
Extrauterine Cancer
Concluding Remarks
References
11 Vulva, Vagina, and Anus
Introduction
Vulva
Vagina
Anus
Concluding Remarks
References
12 Peritoneal Washings and Ovary
Peritoneal Washings
Ovary
Concluding Remarks
References
Section B Cytology of Other Body Sites
13 Respiratory Tract
Introduction
Sampling and Cytopreparatory Techniques
Anatomy and Histology
Cytology of Normal and Benign Conditions
Cytology of Respiratory Infections
Benign Neoplasms of the Lung
Pathology of Lung Cancer
Cytology of Lung Cancer
Diagnostic Accuracy
Concluding Remarks
References
14 Alimentary Tract (Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Colon, Rectum, Anus, Biliary Tract)
Introduction
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Large Intestine
Anus
Biliary Tract
References
15 Urinary Tract
Introduction
Screening for Bladder Cancer
Sampling Techniques and Preparation
Urothelium and Specialized Lining
Non-neoplastic Abnormalities
Tumors of the Urinary Tract
Iatrogenic Changes
Special Techniques
Diagnostic Accuracy
Concluding Remarks
References
16 Central Nervous System
Introduction
Preparatory Methods
Normal Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytology
Ventricular Shunts
Infectious Conditions
Demyelinating Diseases
Vascular Disorders
Trauma
Reactions to Intraventricular Shunts
Neoplasia
Concluding Remarks
References
17 Eye
Introduction
Ocular Anatomy
Cytologic Sampling
Uveal Metastases
Uveal Melanoma
Ocular Lymphoma
Retina
Vitreous
Orbit
Concluding Remarks
References
18 Cytology of Soft Tissue, Bone, and Skin
Soft Tissue Tumors
Bone Lesions
Skin
References
19 Pleural, Peritoneal, and Pericardial Effusions
Introduction
Sampling Technique
Cytopreparatory Technique
The Serous Cavities
Types of Effusions
Normal Cells
Non-neoplastic Effusions
Neoplastic Effusions
Reporting of Results and Statistics
Concluding Remarks
References
Section C Fine-needle Aspiration of Various Organs and Body Sites
20 Fine-needle Aspiration Biopsy Techniques
Appendix
References
21 Imaging Techniques
Introduction
Imaging Methods
Complications of Image-guided FNAB
Image-guided FNAB of Specific Organs
Concluding Remarks
References
22 Salivary Glands and Rare Head and Neck Lesions
Salivary Glands
Rare Head and Neck Lesions
References
23 The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology
Historical Background
The Bethesda System
Experience with TBSRTC
Supplemental testing and TBSRTC
Concluding Remarks
References
24 Thyroid
Introduction
Metabolic Disorders
Thyroiditis
Hyperplasia
Thyroid Tumors
Unusual Thyroid Lesions
Complications
Ancillary Studies
Concluding Remarks
References
25 Lymph Nodes
Introduction
Techniques
Normal Lymph Node: Structure and Immunophenotypes
Non-neoplastic Lymphadenopathy
The Classification of the Lymphoid Neoplasms
Challenges and Diagnostic Pitfalls
Concluding Remarks
References
26 Breast
Introduction
Indications and Advantages
Technique
Anatomy and Histology of the Breast
The Breast Fine-needle Aspiration Cytology Report
Benign Breast Lesions
Malignant Breast Lesions
Phyllodes Tumor
Sarcomas of the Breast
Metastatic Malignancies to the Breast
Cytologic Prognostication
Nipple Discharge Cytology
Ductal Lavage Cytology
References
27 Mediastinum
Introduction
Non-neoplastic Lesions
Neoplastic Lesions
Diagnostic Pitfalls and Algorithms
Concluding Remarks
References
28 Kidneys, Adrenals, and Retroperitoneum
Kidneys
Tumors of the Kidney
Tumors of the Renal Pelvis
Adrenals
Retroperitoneum
Diagnostic Accuracy of FNA in Kidneys, Adrenals, and Retroperitoneum
Concluding Remarks
References
29 Liver
Introduction
Imaging Techniques
Normal Liver
Non-neoplastic Mass Lesions
Benign Mesenchymal Tumors
Physical Features of Liver Aspirates
Benign Hepatocellular Lesions
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Fibrolamellar Carcinoma
Hepatoblastoma
Tumors of Intrahepatic Bile Duct
Primary Sarcomas
Tumors Metastatic to the Liver
Diagnostic Accuracy
Concluding Remarks
References
30 Pancreas
Introduction
Normal Pancreatic Tissue and Contaminants
Solid Pancreatic Masses
Pancreatic Cysts
Concluding Remarks
References
31 Pediatric Tumors
Introduction
Techniques in Pediatric Cytopathology
FNA Cytology: Indications, Advantages, Contraindications, and Complications
Head and Neck Tumors
Tumors of the Eyes
Thyroid Gland Tumors
Lung Tumors
Tumors of the Mediastinum
Gastrointestinal Tract Tumors
Tumors of the Liver
Tumors of the Pancreas
Tumors of Lymph Nodes