Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology E-Book , livre ebook

Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology
Fifth Edition
Richard J. Johnson, MD
Professor of Medicine, Division Chief, Tomas Berl Professor of Nephrology, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
John Feehally, DM, FRCP
Professor of Renal Medicine, The John Walls Renal Unit, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
J rgen Floege, MD, FERA
Professor of Medicine, Director, Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Section I Essential Renal Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1 Renal Anatomy
Structure of the Kidney
Nephron
Collecting Duct System
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Renal Interstitium
References
Chapter 2 Renal Physiology
Glomerular Structure and Ultrastructure
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Measurement of Renal Plasma Flow
Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate
Tubular Transport
Transport in Specific Nephron Segments
Glomerulotubular Balance
Countercurrent System
Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone) and Water Reabsorption
Integrated Control of Renal Function
References
Section II Investigation of Renal Disease
Chapter 3 Assessment of Renal Function
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Measurement of the Glomerular Filtration Rate
Creatinine
Urea
Cystatin C
Other Filtration Markers
Clinical Application of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate
Markers of Tubular Damage
References
Chapter 4 Urinalysis
Definition
Urine Collection
Physical Characteristics
Chemical Characteristics
Urine Microscopy
Interpretation of Urine Sediment Findings
Automated Analysis of Urine Sediment
References
Chapter 5 Imaging
Ultrasound
Plain Radiography and Intravenous Urography
Retrograde Pyelography
Antegrade Pyelography
Ileal Conduits
Cystography
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate
Angiography
Renal Venography
Nuclear Medicine
Positron Emission Tomography
Molecular Imaging
Radiologic Contrast Agents
References
Chapter 6 Renal Biopsy
Definition
Indications for Renal Biopsy
Value of Renal Biopsy
Prebiopsy Evaluation
Renal Biopsy Technique
Complications of Renal Biopsy
References
Section III Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
Chapter 7 Disorders of Extracellular Volume
Extracellular Fluid Compartment
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Homeostasis
Extracellular Fluid Volume Contraction
Extracellular Fluid Volume Expansion
References
Chapter 8 Disorders of Water Metabolism
Physiology of Water Balance
Vasopressin
Thirst and Water Balance
Quantitation of Renal Water Excretion
Serum Sodium Concentration, Osmolality, and Tonicity
Estimation of Total Body Water
Hyponatremic Disorders
Hypernatremic Disorders
References
Chapter 9 Disorders of Potassium Metabolism
Normal Physiology of Potassium Metabolism
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
References
Chapter 10 Disorders of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium Metabolism
Calcium Homeostasis and Disorders of Calcium Metabolism
Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Phosphate Homeostasis
Hyperphosphatemia
Hypophosphatemia
Magnesium Homeostasis and Disorders of Magnesium Metabolism
Hypermagnesemia
Hypomagnesemia and Magnesium Deficiency
References
Chapter 11 Normal Acid-Base Balance
Definition
Net Acid Production
Buffer Systems in Regulation of pH
Respiratory System in Regulation of pH
Renal Regulation of pH
Renal Transport Mechanisms of Hydrogen and Bicarbonate Ions
Regulation of Renal Acidification
References
Chapter 12 Metabolic Acidosis
Definition
Non-Anion Gap (Normal Anion Gap) Metabolic Acidosis
Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Alkali Treatment of Metabolic Acidosis
References
Chapter 13 Metabolic Alkalosis
Definition
Bicarbonate Transport in the Kidney
Pathophysiology of Metabolic Alkalosis
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Special Problems in Management
References
Chapter 14 Respiratory Acidosis, Respiratory Alkalosis, and Mixed Disorders
Respiratory Acidosis (Primary Hypercapnia)
Respiratory Alkalosis (Primary Hypocapnia)
Mixed Acid-Base Disturbances
References
Section IV Glomerular Disease
Chapter 15 Introduction to Glomerular Disease: Clinical Presentations
Definition
Clinical Evaluation of Glomerular Disease
Asymptomatic Urine Abnormalities
Macrohematuria
Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephritic Syndrome
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
Progressive Chronic Kidney Disease
Treatment of Glomerular Disease
References
Chapter 16 Introduction to Glomerular Disease: Histologic Classification and Pathogenesis
Histologic Classification
Histopathology
General Mechanisms of Glomerular Injury
Pathogenesis of Specific Glomerular Syndromes
References
Chapter 17 Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome
Definition
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
References
Chapter 18 Primary and Secondary (Non-Genetic) Causes of Focal and Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Definition
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Pathology
Natural History and Prognosis
Treatment
Transplantation
References
Chapter 19 Inherited Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome
Autosomal Recessive Diseases
Autosomal Dominant Diseases
Syndromic Proteinuric Renal Disease
Genetic Testing
Clinical Management of Inherited Nephrotic Syndrome
References
Chapter 20 Membranous Nephropathy
Definition
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology and Genetics
Clinical and Serologic Manifestations
Pathology
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Clinical Course, Outcomes, and Complications
Treatment
References
Chapter 21 Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis and Cryoglobulinemic Glomerulonephritis
Definition
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Natural History
Transplantation
Treatment
References
Chapter 22 Glomerulonephritis Associated with Complement Disorders
Definitions
C3 Glomerulopathy
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Pathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
References
Chapter 23 IgA Nephropathy and Henoch-Sch nlein Nephritis
Definitions
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology
Differential Diagnosis
Natural History
Transplantation
Treatment Overview
Treatment of IgA Nephropathy
Treatment of Henoch-Sch nlein Nephritis
References
Chapter 24 Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease and Goodpasture Disease
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology
Differential Diagnosis
Natural History
Treatment
Transplantation
Alport Syndrome Post-Transplant Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease
References
Chapter 25 Renal and Systemic Vasculitis
Definition
Small-Vessel Pauci-Immune Vasculitis
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Kawasaki Disease
Takayasu Arteritis and Giant Cell Arteritis
References
Chapter 26 Lupus Nephritis
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis of Lupus Nephritis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Pathology
Natural History
Treatment
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome, Atherosclerosis, and Pregnancy in Lupus Nephritis
End-Stage Renal Disease and Renal Transplantation
References
Chapter 27 Renal Amyloidosis and Glomerular Diseases with Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Deposition
Renal Amyloidosis
Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Deposition Disease
Nonamyloid Fibrillary and Immunotactoid Glomerulopathies
Glomerular Lesions Associated with Waldenstr m Macroglobulinemia
Other Types of Glomerulonephritis
References
Chapter 28 Other Glomerular Disorders and the Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Mesangial Proliferative Glomerulonephritis Without IgA Deposits
Glomerulonephritis with Rheumatic Disease
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
Glomerulonephritis Associated with Malignant Disease
Other Uncommon Disorders
References
Chapter 29 Thrombotic Microangiopathies, Including Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Definitions
Laboratory Signs
Pathology
Mechanisms, Clinical Features, and Management of Specific Forms of Thrombotic Microan