Cardiology E-Book , livre ebook

Cardiology
Third Edition

Michael H. Crawford, MD
Professor of Medicine, Lucie Stern Chair in Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco
Interim Chief of Cardiology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, California

John P. DiMarco, MD, PhD
Julian R. Beckwith Professor of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Director, Cardiac Electrophysiology Laboratory, Cardiovascular Division, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia

Walter J. Paulus, MD, PhD, FESC
Professor of Cardiac Pathophysiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Free University Amsterdam
Associate Director, Cardiovascular Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Mosby
Section Editors

Gerard P. Aurigemma, MD, Professor of Medicine and Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Director of Noninvasive Cardiology Director, Cardiology Fellowship Training Program, UMass Memorial Medical Center Worcester, Massachusetts

George L. Bakris, MD, Professor of Medicine, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Director, Hypertensive Diseases Unit, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois

Helmut Drexler, MD, Professor of Medicine, Chief, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany

Erling Falk, MD, PhD, Professor of Cardiovascular Pathology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark

Michael A. Gatzoulis, MD, PhD, FACC, FESC, Professor of Cardiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Head, Adult Congenital Heart Centre and Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom

George J. Klein, MD, FRCPC, FACC, Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

William J. Kostuk, MD, FRCPC, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Consultant, Cardiology Division, University Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada

Gregory Y H. Lip, MD, FRCP, DFM, FESC, FACC, Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Department of Medicine, City Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Barry M. Massie, MD, Professor of Medicine, UCSF School of Medicine, Chief, Cardiology Division, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California

David J. Sahn, MD, MACC, FAHA, Professor of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Diagnostic Radiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Biomedical Engineering Oregon, Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon

Prediman K. Shah, MD, FACC, FACP, FCCP, Shapell and Webb Chair and Director, Division of Cardiology, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Professor of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California

David Waters, MD, Emeritus Professor, Department of Medicine, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
Copyright
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
CARDIOLOGY
ISBN: 978-0-7234-3485-6
Copyright © 2010, 2004, 2001 by Elsevier Ltd.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Rights Department: phone: (+1) 215 239 3804 (US) or (+44) 1865 843830 (UK); fax: (+44) 1865 853333; e-mail: healthpermissions@elsevier.com . You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier website at http://www.elsevier.com/permissions .


Notice
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment, and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on his or her experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Editors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this book.
The Publisher
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cardiology / [edited by] Michael H. Crawford … [et al.]. — 3rd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7234-3485-6
1. Cardiology. I. Crawford, Michael H., 1943–
[DNLM: 1. Heart Diseases—diagnosis. 2. Heart Diseases—etiology. 3. Heart Diseases—therapy. WG 100 C2655 2010]
RC667.C377 2010
616.1′2—dc
222009018142
Acquisitions Editor: Natasha Andjelkovic
Developmental Editor: Pamela Hetherington
Publishing Services Manager: Linda Van Pelt
Project Manager: Frank Morales
Design Direction: Lou Forgione
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contributors

Nicola Abate, MD, Professor, Chief Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA

Ahmed Tageldien Abdellah, MD, Professor of Cardiology, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Castle Hill Hospital, Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom

Jonathan Abrams, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

Christophe Acar, MD, Professor of Cardiac Surgery, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris VI, Staff Surgeon, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France

Jean Acar, MD, Professor Emeritus of Cardiology, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris VI, Former Chief, Department of Cardiology, CHU Tenon Hospital, Paris, France

Harry Acquatella, MD, FACC, FAHA, Professor of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Centro Medico, Caracas, Venezuela

M. Jacob Adams, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor of Community and Preventive Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA

Teiji Akagi, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA, Associate Professor, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Attending, Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan

Inder S. Anand, MD, FRCP, DPhil(Oxon), Professor of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Director, Heart Failure Program, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

David E. Anderson, PhD, Senior Investigator, Cancer research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Henning Rud Andersen, MD, DMSc, Associate Professor of Cardiology, University of Aarhus Faculty of Health Sciences, Cardiac Electrophysiologist, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark

Mark E. Anderson, MD, PhD, Professor of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Director, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

Christiane E. Angermann, MD, Professor of Medicine and Cardiology, University of Würzburg Faculty of Medicine, Head, Division of Cardiology (Polyclinic), Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

Stefan D. Anker, MD, PhD, Professor of Cardiology and Cachexia Research, Division of Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité University Medical School, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany

Ramon Arroyo-Espliguero, MD, Associate Professor of Cardiology, University of Guadalajara Faculty of Medicine, Consultant Cardiologist, Hospital General Universitario, Guadalajara, Spain

Gerard P. Aurigemma, MD, Professor of Medicine and Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Director of Noninvasive Cardiology, Director, Cardiology Fellowship Training Program, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA

Sonya V. Babu-Narayan, MBBS, BSc, MRCP, Honorary Clinical Research Fellow, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Specialist Registrar, Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom

George L. Bakris, MD, Professor of Medicine, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Director, Hypertensive Diseases Unit, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

Malcolm Barlow, MBBS, FRACP, FCANZCS, Conjoint Senior Lecturer, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Senior Staff Specialist, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia

Margot M. Bartelings, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Cardiac Pathophysiology, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

George A. Beller, MD, Ruth C. Heede Professor of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA

Lisa J. Bergerson, MD, Assis