Sorry States , livre ebook
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2011
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255
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English
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2011
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Publié par
Date de parution
15 août 2011
Nombre de lectures
1
EAN13
9780801462283
Langue
English
Poids de l'ouvrage
4 Mo
Governments increasingly offer or demand apologies for past human rights abuses, and it is widely believed that such expressions of contrition are necessary to promote reconciliation between former adversaries. The post-World War II experiences of Japan and Germany suggest that international apologies have powerful healing effects when they are offered, and poisonous effects when withheld. West Germany made extensive efforts to atone for wartime crimes-formal apologies, monuments to victims of the Nazis, and candid history textbooks; Bonn successfully reconciled with its wartime enemies. By contrast, Tokyo has made few and unsatisfying apologies and approves school textbooks that whitewash wartime atrocities. Japanese leaders worship at the Yasukuni Shrine, which honors war criminals among Japan's war dead. Relations between Japan and its neighbors remain tense.Examining the cases of South Korean relations with Japan and of French relations with Germany, Jennifer Lind demonstrates that denials of past atrocities fuel distrust and inhibit international reconciliation. In Sorry States, she argues that a country's acknowledgment of past misdeeds is essential for promoting trust and reconciliation after war. However, Lind challenges the conventional wisdom by showing that many countries have been able to reconcile without much in the way of apologies or reparations. Contrition can be highly controversial and is likely to cause a domestic backlash that alarms-rather than assuages-outside observers. Apologies and other such polarizing gestures are thus unlikely to soothe relations after conflict, Lind finds, and remembrance that is less accusatory-conducted bilaterally or in multilateral settings-holds the most promise for international reconciliation.
Voir
Publié par
Date de parution
15 août 2011
Nombre de lectures
1
EAN13
9780801462283
Langue
English
Poids de l'ouvrage
4 Mo
Sorry States
a volume in the series
Cornell Studies in Security Affairs
edited byRobert J. Art, Robert Jervis,
andStephen M. Walt
A list of titles in this series is available at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu
Sorry States
Apologies in International Politics
J e n n i f e r L i n d
Cornell University Press
Ithaca & London
Copyright © 2008 by Cornell University
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850.
First published 2008 by Cornell University Press
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data
Lind, Jennifer M. Sorry states : apologies in international politics / Jennifer Lind. p. cm.(Cornell studies in security affairs) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9780801446252 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. ApologizingPolitical aspects. 2. ReconciliationPolitical aspects. 3. Reparations for historical injustices. I. Title. II. Series. BF575.A75L56 2008 327.1'7dc22 2008013106
Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such materials include vegetablebased, lowVOC inks and acidfree papers that are recycled, totally chlorinefree, or partly composed of nonwood fibers. For further information, visit our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu.
Cloth printing
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
1. 2. 3. 4.
Acknowledgments
Introduction Remembrance and Reconciliation An Unhappy Phase in a Certain Period Not Your Fathers Fatherland The Soul of a People Can Be Changed Conclusion
Notes Index
vii
1 9 26 101 159 179
199 235
v
Acknowledgments
While I was researching this book, I came across a haunting photo of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt kneeling before the Warsaw Ghetto Memorial in 1970. I photocopied it and tacked it up on my bulletin board. Moving from school to school, office to office, I brought the photo with me. It was a hopeful, noble symbol that helped sustain me through a project in which I was constantly forced to confront acts of reprehensible evil. I would read with distaste the statements of West German politicians who emphasizing the need for economic recovery and democratic stability rather than justiceargued that the country should move forward rather than confront its dark past. Some people, I lamented, just dont get it. This project began when I realized just how prevalent the issue of war memory was in East Asian politics and how little international relations scholars had explored the topic. I decided to write a book that would use social science tools to evaluate the connection between a countrys remem brance of past violence and reconciliation with its former adversaries. Like everyone else, I already knew the answer: as a bumper sticker recently told me, No peace without justice! Obviously countries could not move their relations forward unless perpetrators atoned for the crimes they had com mitted. What a book! Maybe I could get onOprah. I still remember the day that I realized that this was not the book I would write. Having started the project convinced that countries must atone for past wrongs, over time I realized that my evidence was not pointing me in this direction. I did find substantial evidence that denials of past violence were poisonous for a countrys foreign relations. But I also found that coun tries have been able to heal their relations despite offering little or even no contrition. Peace and reconciliation were possible, I realized, amid glaring,
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
screaming injustice. Even worse, I noticed a pattern (in Japan and else where) in which countries that offered contrition to foreign victims experi enced an explosion of controversy that washarmfulto foreign relations. Contrition, in other words, could be counterproductive to international rec onciliation. I fought my findings every step of the way. That one day that I finally re lented, I looked up at the photo of Willy Brandt on his knees and realized that my book would be arguing in favor of those West German conserva tives whose advice I had previously scornedand arguingagainstgestures such as his famousKniefal.I put my head down on my desk in despair as I realized what I had to do. So much forOprah. It would have been much more satisfying to write the book that I had wanted to write; the one that everyone wanted to read. But instead I wrote this one, and I share it here with you.
Thisbook would not have existed, in any form, without the support of many people. In particular I am forever grateful to my advisers at the Mass achusetts Institute of Technology. I thank Barry Posen for his tremendous support, his tough comments, and his wise advice. His perpetually raised eyebrow constantly motivated me (and still does). I am also grateful to Stephen Van Evera, not only for his extensive feedback but also for those long and fascinating conversations that led to my interest in the topic of this book. I also benefited greatly from incisive comments and guidance from Thomas Christensen and Richard Samuels. All of these advisers helped me not only by providing generous and thoughtful criticism of my project but also by setting the very highest standards in their own research. I also thank Suzanne Berger, Melissa Nobles, and Roger Petersen at MIT for their advice and support. I am very grateful to my graduate student colleagues David Art, Eugene Gholz, Kelly Greenhill, Yinan He, Sara Jane McCaffrey, David Mendeloff, and Christopher Twomey. I owe my colleagues and friends a tremendous debt for their willingness to read and comment on my work: for identifying problems and helping me think through solutions. Thanks to Stephen Brooks, Jennifer Dixon, Tay lor Fravel, Stuart Kaufman, Ned Lebow, Michael Mastanduno, Robert Ross, Anne Saadah, Allan Stam, Benjamin Valentino, and William Wohlforth. Audiences at the University of Chicagos Program on International Security Policy, the John M. Olin Institute at Harvard University, and U.C. Berkeley gave me valuable feedback. Thanks to Stephan Haggard and Ellis Krauss at the University of CaliforniaSan Diego for the opportunity to present my work there and for their support and encouragement. I am especially grate ful to the members of Dartmouths International Relations Faculty Working Group for their extremely helpful comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. Many thanks to Kenneth Yalowitz and the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding for funding the immensely valu
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
able manuscript review seminar and to Robert Jervis and Jack Snyder for traveling to Hanover to participate. Their tough but encouraging feedback greatly improved this book. I am grateful to many people who gave me vital advice and logistical help for my fieldwork. I am eternally indebted to David Kang and Victor Cha, not only for their substantive discussions about this project but also for their many introductions in Korea. Thanks also to Peter Beck for his valuable advice. I thank Chungin Moon of Yonseis Graduate School for International Studies (GSIS) for giving me an academic home in Seoul and for his guidance on this project. I also wish to thank the GSIS Center for International Studies and Institute for Modern Korea Studies. For their kindness and thoughtful comments I particularly thank Professors Jung hoon Lee, Chungmin Lee, and Kim Taeho. I am very grateful for help from Jisook Han, Seohyun Park, Hyeran Jo, and Jungran Joo. Many thanks to Junghae Kim, Noriyuki Katagiri, and Jennifer Xi for superb re search assistance. Chikako Kawakatsu Ueki and Yoshibumi Wakamiya provided tremen dous support during my trips to Japan. My Japanese parents, Reiko and Ikuo Suzuki, could not possibly be more generous or kind, and to them I will always be grateful. Thanks also to Yumiko and Fumihiko Aoki for their friendship. Suzanne Berger and Sylvain Ferrari of the MIT France Program and Anne Saadah at Dartmouth provided essential guidance for my field work in France. In Paris I benefited enormously from the help of Ariane Chebel dApollonia and Etienne de Durand. For my fieldwork in France and the Republic of Korea, I owe the greatest debt to all of the extremely busy and talented people who graciously agreed to be interviewed. Our conversations were some of the most fasci nating of my life, and I feel lucky to have experienced them. Your contri butions reach far beyond the data you provided; your kindness and encouragement meant so much. This book was made possible by the generous financial support of sev eral institutions. For early funding of this project I thank Kenneth Oye, Stephen Van Evera, Bill Keller, and Carolyn Makinson of the MIT Center for International Studies and Harvey Sapolsky of the Security Studies Pro gram. I also thank the MacArthur Foundation for its support of this project through MITs Center for International Studies. Dartmouths Dickey Center generously provided funds for book production. I benefited greatly from the opportunity to pursue this research during postdoctoral fellowships at Dartmouths Government Department and Nelson A. Rockefeller Center and the University of Pennsylvanias Christopher H. Browne Center for In ternational Politics. I also thank Avery Goldstein, Ian Lustick, Edward Mansfield, and Rogers Smith of the University of Pennsylvania for their ad vice and their kindness. For helping me turn a big lumpy stack of papers into this book, I express my sincere thanks to an anonymous reviewer, to
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