Armed with Expertise , livre ebook

225

pages

English

Ebooks

2013

Écrit par
Joy Rohde

Publié par
Cornell University Press

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225

pages

English

Ebooks

2013

Lire un extrait

Obtenez un accès à la bibliothèque pour le consulter en ligne En savoir plus

Publié par

Cornell University Press

Date de parution

01 août 2013

EAN13

9780801469602

Langue

English

Poids de l'ouvrage

1 Mo

During the height of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the Pentagon launched a controversial counterinsurgency program called the Human Terrain System. The program embedded social scientists within military units to provide commanders with information about the cultures and grievances of local populations. Yet the controversy it inspired was not new. Decades earlier, similar national security concerns brought the Department of Defense and American social scientists together in the search for intellectual weapons that could combat the spread of communism during the Cold War. In Armed with Expertise, Joy Rohde traces the optimistic rise, anguished fall, and surprising rebirth of Cold War-era military-sponsored social research. Seeking expert knowledge that would enable the United States to contain communism, the Pentagon turned to social scientists. Beginning in the 1950s, political scientists, social psychologists, and anthropologists optimistically applied their expertise to military problems, convinced that their work would enhance democracy around the world. As Rohde shows, by the late 1960s, a growing number of scholars and activists condemned Pentagon-funded social scientists as handmaidens of a technocratic warfare state and sought to eliminate military-sponsored research from American intellectual life. But the Pentagon's social research projects had remarkable institutional momentum and intellectual flexibility. Instead of severing their ties to the military, the Pentagon's experts relocated to a burgeoning network of private consulting agencies and for-profit research offices. Now shielded from public scrutiny, they continued to influence national security affairs. They also diversified their portfolios to include the study of domestic problems, including urban violence and racial conflict. In examining the controversies over Cold War social science, Rohde reveals the persistent militarization of American political and intellectual life, a phenomenon that continues to raise grave questions about the relationship between expert knowledge and American democracy.

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Publié par

Cornell University Press

Date de parution

01 août 2013

EAN13

9780801469602

Langue

English

Poids de l'ouvrage

1 Mo

ARMEDWITHEXPERTISE

AvolumeintheseriesAmericanInstitutionsandSocietyEditedbyBrianBaloghandJonathanZimmerman

ARMEDWITHEXPERTISE

TheMilitarizationofAmericanSocialResearch during the Cold War

JoyRohde

CORNELLUNIVERSITYPRESS ITHACA AND LONDON PublishedinassociationwiththeUniversityofVirginia’sMillerCenterofPublic Affairs

Allrightsreserved.Exceptforbriefquotationsinareview,thisbook,orpartsthereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850.

First published 2013 by Cornell University Press

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Rohde, Joy, 1977– author. Armed with expertise : the militarization of American social research during the Cold War / Joy Rohde. pages cm. — (American institutions and society) “Published in association with the University of Virgina’s Miller Center of Public Affairs.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9780801449673 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Social sciences—Research—United States—History—20th century. 2. Sociology, Military—Research—United States—History—20th century. 3. Social sciences and state—United States—History—20th century. 4. Cold War—Social aspects—United States. I. Title. H62.5.U5R64 2013 300.72'073—dc23 2013010654

CornellUniversityPressstrivestouseenvironmentallyresponsiblesuppliersandmaterials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such materials include vegetablebased, lowVOC inks and acidfree papers that are recycled, totally chlorinefree, or partly composed of nonwood fibers. For further information, visit our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu.

Cloth printing

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

To my mother

Contents

Acknowledgments

Introduction:Hearts,Minds,andMilitarization1the Gray Area: Scholars, Soldiers,. Creating and National Security2. A Democracy of Experts: Knowledge and Politics in the MilitaryIndustrialAcademic Complex3Shades of Gray: Ambition and Deception. Deeper in Project Camelot4. From Democratic Experts to “Automatic Cold Warriors”: Dismantling the Gray Area in the Vietnam Era5. Fade to Black: The Enduring Warfare StateEpilogue:MilitarizationwithoutEnd?

NotesBibliographyIndex

116

148

157 189 207

Acknowledgments

Writinghistoryoftenfeelslikeasolitaryenterprise,butthisprojectbearstheim print of a number of archivists, scholars, friends, and institutions. The research for this book rested primarily on unprocessed records of the Department of the Army. I haunted the National Archives at College Park for months in search of every scrap of information I could find that was even remotely relevant to my story. Even though Richard Boylan probably thought I was looking for needles in every haystack I saw, he was instrumental in that search. Susan McElrath of American University and Janice Goldblum at the National Academy of Sciences were models of knowledge, efficiency, and hospitality. At Trinity University, Maria McWilliams heroically tracked down dozens of obscure research reports— including a number that I thought I would never have the opportunity to see. SpecialthanksareduetoMichaelSherry,whosecriticalinsightspushedmeat a crucial stage to engage with the ambiguities of militarization and the con tinuities linking the Cold War to the War on Terror. I also thank Ellen Herman for encouraging me to consider the relationship between national security ex pertise and the explosion of partisan think tanks. Brian Balogh has supported this project since its inception and helped me envision this story as a book. So did Susan Lindee, who has been a constant source of intellectual inspiration and moral support for over a decade. I am deeply indebted to David Sehat, who read most of this manuscript more than once, and who provided more than a few pep talks over the last few years. JohnCarson,DavidEngerman,SarahIgo,HenrikaKuklick,ShobitaPar thasarathy, and Mark Solovey also gave generously of their time, reading parts of this book in its painful early stages. I also thank my colleagues at Trinity Univer sity, who have provided encouragement and advice. Icouldnothavewrittenthisbookwithouttheunrelentingsupportofmypartner in life and learning, Perrin Selcer. Perrin read various iterations of this text more times than he probably cares to remember. Equally important, he kept our daughters in good spirits when mommy seemed to prefer her computer to their Cootie Bugs. I am grateful, too, to Bruce and Sandra Rohde, who encour aged my academic pursuits over the years. MyworkwassupportedbyfellowshipsfromtheAmericanAcademyofArts and Sciences, the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program at the

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