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Publié par
Date de parution
01 décembre 2016
Nombre de lectures
0
EAN13
9781776141616
Langue
English
Publié par
Date de parution
01 décembre 2016
Nombre de lectures
0
EAN13
9781776141616
Langue
English
African Archaeology Without Frontiers
Papers from the 2014 PanAfrican Archaeological Association Congress
Published in South Africa by:
Wits University Press
1 Jan Smuts Avenue
Johannesburg 2001
www.witspress.co.za
Selection, compilation and introduction Editors 2016
Chapters Individual contributors 2016
Published edition Wits University Press 2016
Photographs Copyright holders. See image caption.
Cover image Philip de Barros
First published 2016
978-1-77614-034-3 (Print)
978-1-77614-161-6 (digital)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act, Act 98 of 1978. This book is freely available through the OAPEN library ( www.oapen.org ) under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 Creative Commons Licence ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).
All images remain the property of the copyright holders. The publishers gratefully acknowledge the publishers, institutions and individuals referenced in captions for the use of images. Every effort has been made to locate the original copyright holders of the images reproduced here; please contact Wits University Press in case of any omissions or errors.
Edited by Jill Weintroub
French translations by Dostin Lakika
Proofreader: Lee Smith
Indexer: Margie Ramsay
Cover design: Hothouse, South Africa
Printed and bound by ABC Press
Contents Acknowledgements vii List of Figures and Tables ix Introduction An Invitation Fulfilled Amanda Esterhuysen, Karim Sadr and Chrissie Sievers xv Keynote Address 1 Imagining an African Archaeology Without Frontiers Chapurukha M. Kusimba xxi Keynote Address 2 A Continental Vision for African Archaeology Akinwumi Ogundiran xxix 1 The Useable Archaeology of African Farming Systems Matthew Davies, Caleb Adebayo Folorunso, Timothy Kipkeu Kipruto, Freda Nkirote M Mbogori, Henrietta L. Moore, Emuobosa Akpo Orijemie and Alex Schoeman 1 2 Defining Cultural Heritage among the Makonde of Tanzania Festo W. Gabriel 32 3 The Indigenous Roots of Swahili Culture in Pangani Bay, Tanzania Elinaza Mjema 48 4 Is This an Anvil? Iron Bloom Crushing Sites in Northern Togo Philip de Barros and Gabriella Lucidi 60 5 L art Rupestre au Cameroun, Nouvelles D couvertes et Contribution L iconographie Sous-R gionale Narcisse Santores Tchandeu 85 6 Archaeology and History in Iron Age Settlements in the Congo Basin Dirk Seidensticker 114 7 Learning from Glass Trade Beads at Thabadimasego, Botswana Adrianne Daggett, Marilee Wood and Laure Dussubieux 127 8 Blurring Boundaries: Forager-Farmer Interactions in the Middle Limpopo Valley Tim Forssman 143 9 Heritage Management and the World Wide Web: South African Challenges Katie Smuts and Nic Wiltshire 165 Contributors 179 Index 185
Acknowledgements
The 2014 PanAfrican Archaeological Association (PAA) Congress was held at the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) in Johannesburg in tandem with the 22nd biennial meeting of the Society for Africanist Archaeologists (SAfA).
The National Lotteries Commission (NLC) of South Africa provided the lion s share of funds to make the event possible. Geoff Blundell and Bruce Rubidge made invaluable contributions to the funding proposal. The then vice chancellor of Wits Professor Loyiso Nongxa was a staunch supporter of PAA2014 and facilitated infrastructural and logistical support from the university. Deputy vice chancellors professors Yunus Ballim, Belinda Bozzolli, Patrick Fitzgerald, Derek Keats and Rob Moore provided generous assistance in one way or another. The dean of the Faculty of Science Professor Andrew Crouch and the faculty s financial director Mr Manfred Malomo also gave unstinting support. Ms Andrea Leenen of the Palaeontological Scientific Trust (PAST), as well as the Wenner-Gren Foundation provided funds to sponsor international students to attend the congress. The French Institute in South Africa (IFAS) kindly translated all documents to help make this a truly bilingual congress.
The core of the congress was a five-day international conference that took place in mid-July 2014. A day of workshops for invited archaeology students from several countries preceded the main conference, and three days of excursions to visit important heritage sites in South Africa took place immediately after the main event. A mid-conference excursion took delegates to the world-famous Cradle of Humankind.
About 450 delegates from Africa, Europe and North America registered to participate in PAA/SAfA 2014. These included academics and senior postgraduate students plus staff of museums and government agencies involved in heritage and archaeological matters. The day-to-day logistics were admirably handled by Ms Fiona Storie and her team from Scatterlings Inc. Wits postgraduate students Byron Aub, Matthew Caruana, Kate Croll, Sarah Elliot, Phillip Law de Lauriston, Matt Lotter, Rosa Moll, Obankeng Rampete, Shani Reddy, Chiara Singh, Ilan Smeyatsky, Lauren Solomon and David Witelson looked after delegates, provided audio-visual support in the lecture rooms and generally helped to make the conference roll smoothly. The local organising committee was composed of Amanda Esterhuysen, Catherine Namono, Steven Sack, Karim Sadr (chair), Alex Schoeman, Ben Smith (president of PAA), Dominic Stratford and Francis Thackeray. Paula Marais at the Origins Centre kindly managed the Lotto budget. A final word of thanks is merited by Jill Weintroub, this volume s copy editor, who put in much effort and hours of hard work.
Apart from the keynote papers, a total of 16 manuscripts were submitted shortly after the conference for publication in the proceedings. All papers were reviewed by two independent referees and nine were approved for publication. Some papers that were submitted but not published in the proceedings will be placed online at the website of the PanAfrican Association ( http://www.panafprehistory.org/en/ ).
The editors wish to thank the NLC who generously contributed funds towards this publication. The NLC relies on funds from the proceeds of the National Lottery. The Lotteries Act guides the way in which NLC funding may be allocated. The intention of NLC funding is to make a difference to the lives of all South Africans, especially those more vulnerable and to improve the sustainability of the beneficiary organisations. Available funds are distributed to registered and qualifying non-profit organisations in the fields of charities; arts, culture and national heritage; and sport and recreation. By placing its emphasis on areas of greatest need and potential, the NLC contributes to South Africa s development.
List of Figures and Tables
Figure 1.1 Location of the African Farming Network partner projects. Source: M. Davies
Figure 1.2 Fields and irrigation in Tot-Sibou, northern Marakwet. The map shows main clan boundaries (Shaban, Kapishoi, Kapsiren, Kapchepsom), the irrigation furrow of Kapishoi clan, the semi-permanent fields (grid pattern bottom centre), areas of shifting cultivation (circled right of centre), areas of riverside flood recession cultivation (circled around water courses) and the habitation zone (bottom left). Source: M. Davies
Figure 1.3 An abandoned Tiv house platform at Ushongo Hill. Photograph: M. Davies
Figure 1.4 A stonewalled Bokoni homestead in Mpumalanga, South Africa. Photograph: G. Williams (2011). Courtesy A. Schoeman
Figure 2.1 A map of Tanzania showing the location of the Mtwara region. Source: Leonard Masanja, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Unit, Stella Maris Mtwara University College
Figures 2.2 2.3 A scatter of a cat carcass (left) and goat bones (right) slaughtered in the graveyards at Mvita ancient settlement. Photograph: F. Gabriel (2013)
Figure 2.4 Makonde dancers traditionally dressed in bark-cloth. Photograph: F. Gabriel (2013)
Figure 3.1 Map of Pangani Bay showing excavated trenches. Source: E. Mjema
Figure 3.2 The stratigraphic sequences at Kimu site as shown by the eastern wall profile of trench K1. Source: E. Mjema
Figure 3.3 Swahili and Zanjian pottery. Motif K exists in pottery from both phases. Source: E. Mjema
Figure 3.4 The distribution of occupational phases in Pangani Bay as revealed by excavation trenches from Kimu and Muhembo sites. ZP = Zanjian phase, SW = Swahili and PS = Post-Swahili. Source: E. Mjema
Figure 3.5 Different pottery shapes identifiable from Zanjian and Swahili phases at Pangani Bay sites. a = necked jars, b = globular jars, c = open bowls, d = closed bowls, e = carinated bowls, f = bowl with beaded rim. Source: E. Mjema
Figure 3.6 Frequency of major vessel shapes in Zanjian and Swahili phases. Source: E. Mjema
Figure 3.7 Frequency variability of vessel motifs in Zanjian and Swahili phases (Motif F = white or grey slip that is applied on exterior or interior or both surfaces of the vessels. Motif K = a horizontal succession of punctuates that form a single line motif). Source: E. Mjema
Figure 3.8 Bead shapes. Source/Courtesy: M. Wood (2005) Figure first appeared in Wood, M. 2005. Glass beads and pre-European trade in the Shashe-Limpopo region. Unpublished MA dissertation. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand.
Figure 3.9 Frequency of major bead shapes in Zanjian and Swahili phases. Source: E. Mjema
Figure 3.10 Shellfish common in Zanjian and Swahili phases. a = Terebralia palustris (mud whelk), b = Cerithidea decollata , c = Saccostrea cucullata , d = Anadara spp., e = Cypraea annulus/moneta , f = Polinices mammilla , g = Achatina sp. (landsnail). Source: E. Mjema
Figure 4.1 The Bassar region of northern Togo. Source: J. Paulson An early version of this map appeared in De Barros, P. 2001. The effect of the slave trade on the Bassar ironworking society. In: DeCorse, C. (ed.) West Africa During the Atlant
