Global Politics of Regionalism , livre ebook

Global Politics of Regionalism
GLOBAL POLITICS OF REGIONALISM
Theory and Practice
Edited by Mary Farrell, Björn Hettne, and Luk Van Langenhove
First published 2005 by Pluto Press 345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA and 839 Greene Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48106
www.plutobooks.com
Copyright © Mary Farrell, Björn Hettne and Luk Van Langenhove 2005
The right of the individual contributors to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 0 7453 2262 9 paperback ISBN 978 1 8496 4244 6 pdf ISBN 978 1 7837 1841 2 Kindle ISBN 978 1 7837 1840 5 ePub
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Global politics of regionalism : an introduction / edited by Mary Farrell, Björn Hettne, and Luk Van Langenhove.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0–7453–2263–8 (hardback) –– ISBN 0–7453–2262–X (pbk.)
1. Regionalism (International organization) I. Farrell, Mary, 1956– II.
Hettne, Björn, 1939– III. Langenhove, Luk Van.
JZ5330.G56 2005
327.1—dc22
2005006046
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Designed and produced for Pluto Press by Chase Publishing Services Ltd, Fortescue, Sidmouth, EX10 9QG, England Typeset from disk by Stanford DTP Services, Northampton, England Printed on demand in the EU by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne, England
Contents
Preface
List of Abbreviations
1
The Global Politics of Regionalism: An Introduction
Mary Farrell
 
PART ONE      THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO REGIONALISM
2
Regionalism from an Historical Perspective
Louise Fawcett
3
The Regional Dimension in International Relations Theory
Andrew Hurrell
4
Regionalism: A Constitutional Framework for Global Challenges?
René Foqué and Jacques Steenbergen
5
Economic Theories of Regional Integration
Brigid Gavin and Philippe De Lombaerde
 
PART TWO      KEY ISSUES IN REGIONAL COOPERATION
6
Exploring the Links Between Micro-Regionalism and Macro-Regionalism
Fredrik Söderbaum
7
Regional Dimensions of Security
Elzbieta Stadtmüller
8
Regional Monetary Cooperation and Integration
Ludo Cuyvers, Philippe De Lombaerde, Eric De Souza and David Fielding
9
Identity and Regional Integration
Nikki Slocum and Luk Van Langenhove
 
PART THREE      MAPPING REGIONAL APPROACHES
10
The Global Politics of Regionalism: Asia and the Asia-Pacific
Helen E.S. Nesadurai
11
The Global Politics of Regionalism: Africa
Daniel Bach
12
The Middle East: Regional Instability and Fragmentation
Helena Lindholm Schulz and Michael Schulz
13
North America and the Americas: Integration among Unequal Partners
Robert A. Pastor
14
Regional Integration in Europe
Brigid Gavin
15
China: Towards Regional Actor and World Player
Tie Jun Zhang
16
Regionalism in the Indian Ocean Region
S.D. Muni
 
PART FOUR      CONCLUSION
17
Regionalism and World Order
Björn Hettne
Bibliography
Notes on Editors and Contributors
Index
Preface
In the contemporary world where so much academic literature, political debate, popular discourse and even media attention is devoted to the topic of globalisation, it seems almost essential to swim against the tide and call attention to other phenomena taking place all around the world. Despite the seeming inevitability of the forces of globalisation, it is wise to take a critical look at such processes and to reflect upon alternative movements and tendencies that are emerging, or strengthening, below the global level. That is what this book aims to do.
The decade of the 1990s witnessed a resurgence of interest in regionalism, and the momentum generated by regional integration processes in Asia, Africa and the Americas suggested that the phenomenon was not confined to the European Union. Of course, some cases suggest the increased level of regional activity and cooperation represents a defence or reaction to globalisation, and an attempt by governments to collectively claw back some autonomy over decision-making and to manage both the positive and negative aspects of greater international independence. However, increased interdependence has been around for a while, and certainly since the 1970s, so it is reasonable to take a detailed look at developments in the respective regions and to examine the nature of these developments and the rationale behind them.
With the benefit of a group of leading specialists in the field of regionalism, and using a number of disciplinary perspectives to elaborate on the theoretical perspectives that have guided the research community towards a deeper understanding of the subject matter, this volume provides an insight into the rich experience of regionalism and its different forms across the globe. The concern is to draw out the nuances of distinctive approaches to regional cooperation, and to highlight both what is particular and the generalising tendencies. Taking this approach, we find out why regionalism in Africa has not made the same progress as in other parts of the world, so far at any rate; and we find out that in the North American experience integration processes are constructing a de facto region, even though nobody calls it a region.
In the Middle East, where regional cooperation might be expected to foster positive welfare effects, endemic problems hinder progress on cooperation; while in South Asia, the contradictory conditions in the region leave an indelible mark on cooperative processes. Taking a different approach, some issue areas naturally lend themselves to regional cooperation, and have formed the basis for enhanced regionalism. Other issue areas almost demand a regional response, and security is one such case. The book looks both at cases of regionalism, and at a selected number of issue areas typical of contemporary regionalism.
This book is the result of a project that was initiated by the United Nations University (UNU) and forms part of a long tradition of interest in the field of regional integration. In 1996, the UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER) commissioned a large research project on the topic of regionalism, the outcome of which was the five-volume series Studies in the New Regionalism under the leadership of Björn Hettne at the Department of Peace and Development Research at Göteborg University. The new regionalism approach is based upon the assumption that the multidimensionality of contemporary processes warrants a new type of analysis, which transcends the dominant theories of regional integration. Under the new regionalism approach, integration is conceptualised as a multidimensional and socially constructed phenomenon, where cooperation occurs across economic, political, security, environment and development areas.
In 2001, a new UNU research and training centre (UNU-CRIS) was set up in Bruges, Belgium, focused upon comparative regional integration studies. The goal of UNU-CRIS is to promote policy-relevant knowledge about new and evolving forms of regional governance and cooperation. Research at UNU-CRIS is directed at (i) monitoring regional integration; (ii) exploring relations between regional integration and such issues as security, trade, governance, and development, and (iii) advancing capacity development for regional integration initiatives.
At the start of the twenty-first century, the world is witness to new influences on the nation-state and contemporary challenges have prompted many analysts to suggest that we may be witnessing a transition from the classical Westphalian order to a world order where regional organisations will play an important role in global governance. This volume is the result of a UNU-CRIS/PADRIGU project to explore some of the contemporary developments in regionalism and to identify key questions for international relations arising out of the phenomena and observable processes in different parts of the world, and the implications for the nature of an evolving world order. Nine scholars affiliated to UNU-CRIS and/or PADRIGU together with thirteen other leading scholars in the field, embracing a variety of disciplinary perspectives, have contributed to this volume and to a workshop held in Bruges in 2004 where first drafts of the chapters were presented and discussed.
The editors would very much like to extend their gratitude to the contributors, all of whom were exemplary in their commitment to this project, and good-naturedly responded to the various editorial requests while keeping to the respective deadlines. We would also like to thank most sincerely the staff at Pluto Press for accepting the proposal and guiding the project throughout. Colleagues at both UNU-CRIS and PADRIGU provided a springboard for much thought-provoking discussion and new ideas. Finally, warm thanks to Kim Reynvoet, Sabrina Vanstechelman, and Pascale Vantorre for typing and administrative support given with customary cheerful efficiency.
Mary Farrell Björn Hettne Luk Van Langenhove
List of Abbreviations
ABF
Asian Bond Fund
ACP
Countries of Africa, Caribbean and the Pacific
AEC
African Economic Community
AFTA
ASEAN Free Trade Area
AMF
Asian Monetary Fund
AMU
Arab Maghreb Union
APEC
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
ARF
ASEAN Regional Forum
ASA
ASEAN Swap Arrangement; Association of Southeast Asia
ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASEAN+1
ASEAN, with India
ASEAN+3
ASEAN, with China, Japan and South Korea
ASEAN+5
ASEAN, with Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand
ASEM
Asia–Europe Meeting
AU
African Union
AWC
Augmented Washington Consensus
BCEAO
Banque centrale des Etats de l’Afrique de l’ouest
BEAC
Banque des Etats d’Afrique Centrale
BECC
Border Environment Cooperation Commission
BENELUX
Belgium–Netherlands–Luxembourg
BIMSTEC
Bangladesh, Ind