The Social Dynamics of Open Data , livre ebook

208

pages

English

Ebooks

2017

Écrit par
Francois Van Schalkwyk , Stefaan Verhulst , Gustavo Magalhaes , Juan Pane , Johanna Walker (Eds).

Publié par
African Minds

Lire

YouScribe est heureux de vous offrir cette publication

208

pages

English

Ebooks

2017

Lire

YouScribe est heureux de vous offrir cette publication

Publié par

African Minds

Date de parution

12 décembre 2017

Nombre de lectures

EAN13

9781928331568

Langue

English

Poids de l'ouvrage

1 Mo

The Social Dynamics of Open Data is a collection of peer reviewed papers presented at the 2nd Open Data Research Symposium (ODRS) held in Madrid, Spain, on 5 October 2016. Research is critical to developing a more rigorous and fine-combed analysis not only of why open data is valuable, but how it is valuable and under what specific conditions. The objective of the Open Data Research Symposium and the subsequent collection of chapters published here is to build such a stronger evidence base. This base is essential to understanding what open data’s impacts have been to date, and how positive impacts can be enabled and amplified. Consequently, common to the majority of chapters in this collection is the attempt by the authors to draw on existing scientific theories, and to apply them to open data to better explain the socially embedded dynamics that account for open data’s successes and failures in contributing to a more equitable and just society.

Voir

Publié par

African Minds

Date de parution

12 décembre 2017

EAN13

9781928331568

Langue

English

Poids de l'ouvrage

1 Mo

The Social Dynamics of Open Data

Edited by François van Schalkwyk, Stefaan G Verhulst, Gustavo Magalhaes, Juan Pane & Johanna Walker

AFRICAN MINDS

Pubîsed în 2017 by Arîcan Mînds 4 Ecceston Pace, Somerset West 7130, Cape Town, Sout Arîca îno@arîcanmînds.org.za www.arîcanmînds.org.za

hîs work îs pubîsed under a Creatîve Commons Attrîbutîon 4.0 ïnternatîona îcense (CCBY ).

ïSBN Paper 9781928331568 ïSBN eBook 9781928331575 ïSBN ePub 9781928331582

Orders Arîcan Mînds 4 Ecceston Pace, Somerset West 7130, Cape Town, Sout Arîca îno@arîcanmînds.org.za www.arîcanmînds.org.za

For orders rom outsîde Sout Arîca: Arîcan Books Coectîve PO Box 721, Oxord OX1 9EN, UK orders@arîcanbookscoectîve.com www.arîcanbookscoectîve.com

Contents

About tîs book

Capter 1 Capter 2

Capter 3

Capter 4 Capter 5

Capter 6

Capter 7

Capter 8

Capter 9 Capter 10

ïntroductîon: he state o open data and open data researc Françoîs van Scakwyk & Steaan G Verust

hecaengesoînstîtutîonaîsîngopengovernmentdata:A îstorîca perspectîve o Cîe’s OGD înîtîatîve and dîgîta government înstîtutîons Feîpe Gonzáez-Zapata & Rîcard Heeks

Beyondstandardsandreguatîons:Obstacestoocaopengovernment data înîtîatîves în ïtay and France Federîco Pîovesan

Governance o open spatîa data înrastructures în Europe Genn Vancauwenberge & Bastîaan van oenen

Beyondmereadvocacy:CSOsandteroeoîntermedîarîesîn Nîgerîa’s open data ecosystem Patrîck Enaoo

Retînkîngcîvîsocîetyorganîsatîonsworkîngîntereedom o înormatîon and open government data Ieds Sîvana Fumega

109

Openyourdataandwî‘tey’buîdît?Acaseoopendatacoproductîon în eat servîce deîvery 139 Fabrîzîo Scroînî

hereatîonaîmpactoopendataîntermedîatîon:Experîence rom ïndonesîa and te Pîîppînes Artur Genn Maaî

153

Smart cîtîes need to be open: he case o Jakarta, ïndonesîa 167 Mîcae P Caňares

Protectîngprîvacywîereeasîngdata:Strategîes to maxîmîse beneIts and mîtîgate rîsks Joe Gurîn, Matt Rumsey, Audrey Arîss & Katerîne Garcîa

îîî

183

About this book

he capters în tîs edîted voume ave a trodden te weworn pat rom an openîng ca or abstracts to pubîcatîon. he ca în questîon was or te Open Data Researc Symposîum (ODRS), te second edîtîon o wîc was ed on5 October 2016 în Madrîd. ODRS 2016 was caîred by Steaan Verust and Françoîs van Scakwyk wît te învauabe support o te organîsîng commîttee comprîsed o Emmy Cîrcîr (Munster Unîversîty), Katîe Cancy (ïnternatîona Deveopment Researc Centre), Gîsee Craveîro (Unîversîty o Sao Pauo), Tîm Davîes (Unîversîty o Soutampton), Kyujîn Jung (Tennessee State Unîversîty), Gustavo Magaaes (Unîversîty o Austîn Texas), Mîcee Mceod (Unîversîty o te West ïndîes), Steanîa Mîan (Unîversîty o Amsterdam), Fernando Perînî (ïnternatîona Deveopment Researc Centre) and Andrew Young (he Govab, NYU Tandon Scoo o Engîneerîng). ODRS îs a bîannua gaterîng desîgned to provîde a dedîcated space or researcers workîng specîIcay on open data to reLect crîtîcay on teîr Indîngs, and to appy and advance teorîes tat expaîn te dynamîcs o open data as a socîay constructed penomenon and practîce. he ODRS space îs meant to seter researcers rom te everpresent demands or quîck wîns, sortterm resuts, tweetengt Indîngs and îmmedîate împacts. hîs îs not to suggest tat researcers soud be îmmune to consîderatîons o reevance and transer, but te ïnternatîona Open Data Conerence (ïODC)tat oows on te day ater te ODRS îs peraps te more approprîate pace or researcers to dust of teîr busîness cards, brîgten teîr brocures and ave teîr twomînute sound bîtes ocked and oaded.

Selecting the Papers

A tota o 70 abstracts were receîved by te ODRS programme commîttee. A abstracts were revîewed by at east two peers recruîted eîter rom wîtîn te commîttee or rom a poo o învîted externa experts. he revîew process oowed a sîngebînd revîew process. ïn cases o conLîctîng revîews, a tîrd, tîebreak revîew was sougt. O te 70 abstracts receîved, 29 were accepted, and autors o accepted abstracts were învîted to submît a u paper by a deadîne o just under a mont aead o te Symposîum. A 29 autors submîtted u papers and 28 were abe to present teîr researc în Madrîd.

THE SOCïA DYNAMïCS OF OPEN DATA

he Symposîum was desîgned suc tat te mornîng’s parae sessîons consîsted o paper presentatîons. he aternoon sessîons were an opportunîty or researcers to dîscuss a range o researcreevant îssues suc as avaîabe researc înrastructure, metodoogîes or conductîng researc on open data, and ‘gettîng to grîps wît te împact o open data’. A sessîon was aso convened to dîscuss te pubîcatîon o te papers presented at te Symposîum. ïn tese dîscussîons, nove approaces to pubîsîng were bended wît more tradîtîona approaces. he goa was to test te best possîbe approac tat woud strîke a baance between quaîty, prestîge, speed and accessîbîîty. Ater te Symposîum, te îdeas tat suraced durîng te consutatîon on te preerred pubîcatîon ormat were sared wît a ODRS attendees vîa a Googe Document. he outcome o tîs consutatîve process was agreement (î not consensus) to pubîs te papers as capters în an open access edîted voume wîtîn a year o te Symposîum; tat te edîtors woud be rom te ODRS programme commîttee but coud încude oters wo partîcîpated în te Symposîum; tat tose wo presented papers soud be gîven te optîon to încude teîr paper and coud, wîtout prejudîce, seek aternatîve pubîsîng optîons; and tat a papers woud be doubebînd peer revîewed. Foowîng te Symposîum, 24 papers were submîtted or consîderatîon, some o wîc were revîsed versîons o te papers presented at te Symposîum. he autors o tese revîsed papers ad used te eedback receîved rom teîr peers at te Symposîum to make împrovements to teîr papers. he Ina seectîon o ten papers was based on te recommendatîons o te revîewers, te revîsîons made by te autors, and on determînatîons made by te edîtors regardîng te papers’ It wît te voume’s overa ocus on te socîa dynamîcs o open data. ïn addîtîon, gîven tat muc o te exîstîng researc on open data îs descrîptîve, te edîtors gave preerence to papers tat contrîbute to teorybuîdîng. A deîberate attempt was made durîng te revîew process to învîte one revîewer wît expertîse on open data and a second revîewer more amîîar wît te nondataspecîIc concepts or te teoretîca ramework used în a paper. he edîtors receîved nîne revîsed papers, and tese are te papers tat appear as capters în tîs voume. ïn addîtîon to te nîne researc capters, te cocaîrs o te conerence wrote a ramîng capter wîc îs pubîsed as te întroductîon to tîs voume.

About the papers in this volume

Transîtîonîng rom abstracts submîtted în response to an open ca to a coectîon o nîne capters tat are în some way coerent în teîr content îs wenear împossîbe, partîcuary î quaîty and reevance to a broady deIned topîc area are te prîmary seectîon crîterîa. Remarkaby, toug, some content ‘patterns’ are dîscernîbe. he most obvîous o tese are, Irst, papers concernîng te governance o open data (Canares; Gurîn et a.; Vancauwenberge and Van oenen) and înstîtutîonaîsatîon (Gonzaez and Heeks; Pîovesan); and, second,

vî

INTRODUCTION

papers tat address te roe o întermedîarîes în open data ecosystems (Enaoo; Maaî; Fumega; Scroînî). he capters on governance and înstîtutîonaîzatîon make an împortant contrîbutîon to deepenîng our understandîng o ow governments, as socîay constructed înstîtutîons, respond to externa pressures or cange. Pîovesan’s study o open data înîtîatîves at te oca government eve în Europe concudes tat tere îs a need to understand tese înîtîatîves wîtîn an evovîng ecosystem, and tat wîe resources and skîs sortages account or some o te ack o progress observed, more împortant îs te resîstance to cange ‘because o cemented routînes and rîsk aversîon towards te exposure o teîr înner workîngs to te pubîc’. Gonzaez and Heeks’s study o te Cîean government’s open data înîtîatîve sows te împortance o takîng înto account ow înstîtutîona dynamîcs may sape te trajectorîes o new înîtîatîves. hey acknowedge, owever, te agency o senîor poîtîcîans în înstîtutîona settîngs as avîng some înLuence over te deveopment pat o new înîtîatîves. Consîstent wît te observed tensîon between compîance and înnovatîon, tey concude tat ‘înstîtutîons may condîtîon ow înîtîatîves are panned and împemented, but OGD [open government data] îs not necessarîy condemned to uy repîcate tose înstîtutîona trajectorîes. ïndeed, te caenge to înstîtutîonaîse OGD îs to deveop ongterm poîcîes tat ceary state objectîves, resources and responsîbîîtîes and, at te same tîme, evauate domînant înstîtutîons and determîne wat te best approac îs to overcome any constraînîng envîronmenta condîtîons’. he oter tree papers tat a wîtîn te same înterest area steer away rom a dîrect înterest în te înstîtutîona context (atoug tey acknowedge îts sîgnîIcance) to ocus on ow to govern open government data înîtîatîves wîtîn tose contexts. Gurîn et a. draw attentîon to governîng te reatîonsîp between openness and prîvacy în order to reaîse te înerent beneIts o open data wîe sîmutaneousy protectîng îndîvîduas’ rîgt to prîvacy. hey concude tat ‘a combînatîon o strategîes can make ît possîbe to tap te vaue o granuar, detaîed data wîe managîng prîvacy rîsks. Wîe some strategîes învove tecnîca approaces, oters are based on poîcy, data governance, communîty outreac and communîcatîon.’ Vancauwenberge and Van oenen ocus teîr attentîon on te specîIcîtîes o governîng spatîa data, data tat ods bot commercîa and pubîc vaue. heîr anaysîs sows ow severa countrîes în Europe ave taken measures to engage actors outsîde te pubîc sector în te governance o open spatîa data înrastructures, and tat poîcy canges reLect tîs sît to a more încusîve and open approac. Fînay, Canares bemoans te absence o a more încusîve governance în te case o Jakarta: a cîty tat aspîres to be smart but not necessarîy open. Canares contends tat open data as an împortant roe to pay în makîng te governance o smart cîtîes more open. Wat emerges rom te capters on open data întermedîarîes îs te varyîng proxîmîty o întermedîarîes to oter actors. Enaoo’s capter sows ow Nîgerîan

vîî

THE SOCïA DYNAMïCS OF OPEN DATA

întermedîarîes – maîny cîvî socîety organîsatîons (CSOs) – ave over tîme become progressîvey proessîonaîsed, tus ubrîcatîng teîr engagement and înteractîon wît government and donors. But wît te coser proxîmîty to tose actors comes greater dîstance between tose grassroots communîtîes rom wîc tese CSOs emrged and wose însterests tey served wen tey were ounded. Scroînî expores te cose workîng reatîonsîp between a CSO and government în Uruguay, cataysed by open data, and resutîng în te coproductîon o an open data appîcatîon în te eat sector. Notabe are te compromîses made by bot partîes în te coproductîon process. Maaî învestîgates ow te reatîonsîps between data suppîers, întermedîarîes and data users cange as a resut o open data înîtîatîves, and, e suggests, tose reatîonsîps must constanty be maîntaîned. Fumega’s paper sows tat proxîmîty îs not ony a matter o dîstance or coseness between CSOs and oter actors; tere îs aso varyîng proxîmîty between CSOs în dîferent domaîns tat sare a common goa o government accountabîîty. Se argues or greater coesîon and cooperatîon between CSOs în te open government data and tose în te rîgt to înormatîon domaîns. Common to te majorîty o capters îs te attempt by te autors to draw on exîstîng teorîes appîcabe to open data în order to better expaîn te reasons or open data’s successes and aîures în contrîbutîng to a more equîtabe and just socîety. Wîtout provîdîng an exaustîve îst o approaces taken by autors, notabe are te use o pat dependence teory (Gonzaez and Heeks), Ofenuber’s adder o partîcîpatîon (Canares), te concept o coproductîon as deveoped în teorîes on pubîc management (Scroînî), and te combîned use o te concepts o routînes and satîsIcîng wît two modes descrîbîng te socîa dynamîcs în te Low o open data and te dîfusîon o înnovatîon (Pîovesan). We ope tat tîs voume îs more tan an advertîsement or te quaîty o researc presented at te Second Open Data Symposîum; we ope tat eac o îts capters makes a vauabe and mucneeded contrîbutîon to a better understandîng o te socîa dynamîcs o open data.

he edîtors October 2017

vîîî

The state of open data and open data research

François van Schalkwyk & Stefaan G Verhulst

Open government data, and te attendant excîtement over îts potentîa, emerged as an asset or socîa goodjust under a decade ago. ït rose to promînence on te back o reated trends and deveopments, încudîng te rîse o bîg data, te arrîva o new anaytîca metods to derîve însîgts and înnovatîons rom tat data, and deterîoratîng trust în pubîc înstîtutîons tat are te custodîans o arge datasets reated to te unctîonîng o government and te aocatîon o pubîc resources. ïn addîtîon, te reatîve success o open source and open înnovatîon provîded new modes on ow to create pubîc vaue. he Obama admînîstratîon’s move to încrease access to government data (în partîcuar, îts aunc o te data.gov sîte) aso payed a part în încreasîng te vîsîbîîty and te egîtîmacy o open data. Eîgt years ater te aunc o tat sîte, open data as entered te maînstream o bot poîcy and actîvîsm. Around te word, în bot deveoped and deveopîng countrîes, at te natîona and oca eves, governments ave created or are pannîng open data programmes and portas. Open data projects are payîng an încreasîngy împortant roe în economîc and socîa deveopment, spurrîng progress în areas as varîed as eatcare, educatîon, bankîng, agrîcuture, cîmate cange and înnovatîon. A growîng îst o prîvate companîes, wose busînesses ave îterto depended onprîvatedata, are aso comîng to recognîse te potentîa competîtîve and socîa beneIts o openîng up tat data; and we are wîtnessîng te emergence o socîa enterprîses tat rey on open data to provîde toos and servîces or te pubîc good. So were do we stand now? And were do we go rom ere? hîs întroductory capter outînes some reLectîons on current deveopments în te Ied, and consîders ow tey may afect te state o open data and open data researc în te years to come. ït descrîbes a wîde varîety o trends – some posîtîve, some more cautîonary. ï tere îs one overarcîng message, ît îs tat or a te excîtement

THE SOCïA DYNAMïCS OF OPEN DATA

and ype, tere îs stî muc tat we don’t know about te contrîbutîons o open data to socîa and economîc deveopment. he teoretîca potentîa o open data as been estabîsed; but muc work remaîns to be done, many caenges need to be overcome, and severa gaps în our understandîng must be breaced î open data îs, în act, to ep sove compex socîa probems and împrove peope’s îves. One o te purposes o tîs voume îs, în act, to begîn tat process o Iîng în te gaps în our knowedge. Eac o te nîne capters pubîsed în tîs voume, în îts own away, adds to our exîstîng and steadîy growîng understandîng o ow open data works. hroug tese contrîbutîons, we see te împortance o socîa dynamîcs – be tey înstîtutîona or oterwîse – across te vaue caîn o open data. ït îs împortant to remember tat eac o tese exampes represents a specîIc înstance, în a specîIc settîng. But ît îs sowy, troug îndîvîdua exampes îke tese, tat our overa understandîng o te rea împact o open data wî advance.

Current trends and their implications for open data

Rise of populism and regime change

Donad Trump’s rîse to power and, more generay, te emergence o natîonaîst strongmen wît îmîted aît în democracy around te word, îs îkey to afect te perceîved vaue proposîtîon and use o open data. Two aspects o Trumpstye governance wî ave a partîcuar împact: a pencant or secretîve deamakîng, and te debasement o knowedge, acts and evîdence bot în governance and în pubîc dîscourse. hese trends and oters ave aready ed some to îgîgt te vaue o open data as a orce or accountabîîty and transparency, and, more generay, as a too or te ‘resîstance’. (hîs trend îs evîdent, or înstance, în încreased înterest în te storage and arcîvîng o exîstîng government data.) Paradoxîcay, owever, we beîeve tat tîs eîgtened înterest may prove counterproductîve to te spread o open data as ît eevates ony one vaue proposîtîon (î.e. transparency) above oter, potentîay ess controversîa or dîicut vaue proposîtîons suc as încreased înnovatîon and economîc growt. Sîmîary, î open data comes to be equîvaent în te pubîc mînd sîmpy wît arcîvîng government data, ten îts potentîay muc greater vaue as a too or reatîme decîsîonmakîng may be overooked or îgnored. Transparency and accountabîîty are o course vauabe and crucîa goas. However, many years o researc and practîce as repeatedy îndîcated tat governments are more îkey to create open data projects î tey beîeve ît wî aso spur economîc growt, împrove te eicîency o pubîc servîce deîvery and ead to înnovatîon. ït îs tereore essentîa to keep îgîgtîng tese vaue proposîtîons, makîng cear te u range o beneIts tat can potentîay be conerred by open data – beyond makîng governments accountabe.

INTRODUCTION

The emerging narrative of the ‘dark side’ of data

Severa popuar books, încudîng Caty O’Neî’sWeapons o Mat Destructîon: How Bîg Data ïncreases ïnequaîty and hreatens Democracy,ave awakened some to te rea and perceîved treats posed by data. Prîmarîy, tese treats concern bîases and varîous orms o înequaîty tat may be înerent în and arîse rom a greater use o data and agorîtms. Wîe many o te concerns raîsed by tese books are vaîd and împortant, tere îs aso a great danger tat tese treats become te domînant trope în conversatîons and consîderatîons o open data. Unortunatey, as a resut o te încreased negatîve connotatîons assocîated wît data, te burden o proo or tose wo want to sow îts potentîa posîtîve împact as become substantîay îger tan tose wo warn o data’s rîsks. Most împortanty, a narratîve o ‘destructîon’ (especîay promoted by severa progressîve groups), wîe not exacty wrong, îs sîmpîstîc and overooks te many potentîa beneIts o open data. Party as a resut o tîs emergîng ‘destructîon’ narratîve, data as become toxîc among many nongovernment and oter stakeoders. We are wîtnessîng te rîse o a burgeonîng antîdata movement, one wose vîews are as sîmpîstîc and naîve as tose wo ave overyped and overcampîoned data. Wat’s requîred îs a ar more nuanced and ess poemîca dîscussîon about data. And, în order to make tat dîscussîon possîbe, we need poîcîes, projects and researc tat are equay nuanced – tat contînue to încrease access and use o data, yet tat baance tîs agaînst te need or more data responsîbîîty and attentîon to te rîsks o data.

New data divides

None o te precedîng dîscussîon soud be taken to îndîcate tat we are mînîmîsîng te rîsks. he caenges o usîng data are rea, and among te most serîous unîntended consequences îs te emergence o a new data dîvîde tat rîdes on, and în many ways exacerbates, te exîstîng dîgîta dîvîde. he emergence o suc a new dîvîde îs deepy îronîc: ater a, open data was întended as a too or democratîsatîon and empowerment. Yet, as wît oter assets, and as wît tecnoogy în genera, te understandîng and te capacîty to extract vaue rom open data îs not equay dîstrîbuted. hose wo may need data te most oten don’t reaîse te vaue data may ave to împrove teîr decîsîonmakîng. Dîferent skîsets, and dîferentîa access to te toos requîred to store and anayse data, aso mean tat tere îs a very rea rîsk tat open data coud reînorce exîstîng înequaîtîes and potentîay create new ones. Wat can we do to avoîd suc înequaîtîes? Crîtîcay, a data stakeoders need to be as attuned to tereaîtyo open data as te potentîa o open data. By tîs we mean tat muc greater attentîon needs to be paîd to te actua, reaîsabe possîbîîtîes o îndîvîduas and groups to access and extract meanîng and însîgt

Voir