Situating Open Data: Global Trends in Local Contexts , livre ebook
259
pages
English
Ebooks
2020
YouScribe est heureux de vous offrir cette publication
259
pages
English
Ebook
2020
YouScribe est heureux de vous offrir cette publication
Publié par
Date de parution
25 septembre 2020
Nombre de lectures
1
EAN13
9781928502128
Langue
English
Poids de l'ouvrage
4 Mo
Open data and its effects on society are always woven into infrastructural legacies, social relations, and the political economy. This raises questions about how our understanding and engagement with open data shifts when we focus on its situated use. To shed a light on these questions, Situating Open Data provides several empirical accounts of open data practices, the local implementation of global initiatives, and the development of new open data ecosystems. Drawing on case studies in different countries and contexts, the chapters demonstrate the practices and actors involved in open government data initiatives unfolding within different socio-political settings. The book proposes three recommendations for researchers, policy-makers and practitioners. First, beyond upskilling through ‘data literacy’ programmes, open data initiatives should be specified through the kinds of data practices and effects they generate. Second, global visions of open data implementation require more studies of the resonances and tensions created in localised initiatives. And third, research into open data ecosystems requires more attention to the histories and legacies of information infrastructures and how these shape who benefits from open data flows. As such, this volume departs from the framing of data as a resource to be deployed. Instead, it proposes a prism of different data practices in different contexts through which to study the social relations, capacities, infrastructural histories and power structures affecting open data initiatives. It is hoped that the contributions collected in Situating Open Data will spark critical reflection about the way open data is locally practiced and implemented. The contributions should be of interest to open data researchers, advocates, and those in or advising government administrations designing and rolling out effective open data initiatives.
Voir
Publié par
Date de parution
25 septembre 2020
Nombre de lectures
1
EAN13
9781928502128
Langue
English
Poids de l'ouvrage
4 Mo
SITUATING OPENDATA GLOBAL TRENDS IN LOCAL CONTEXTS Edited by Danny Lämmerhirt, Ana Brandusescu, Natalia Domagala & Patrick Enaholo
Situating Open Data Global Trends in Local Contexts
Edited by Danny Lämmerhirt, Ana Brandusescu, Natalia Domagala & Patrick Enaholo
AFRICAN MINDS
Publised in 2020 by African Minds 4 Eccleston Place, Somerset West 7130, Cape Town, Sout Africa info@africanminds.org.za www.africanminds.org.za
his work is publised under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY ).
ISBN Paper 978-1-928502-12-8 ISBN eBook 978-1-928502-13-5 ISBN ePub 978-1-928502-14-2
Orders: African Minds 4 Eccleston Place, Somerset West 7130, Cape Town, Sout Africa info@africanminds.org.za www.africanminds.org.za
For orders from outside Sout Africa: African Books Collective PO Box 721, Oxford OX1 9EN, UK orders@africanbookscollective.com www.africanbookscollective.com
Contents
About tis book Acknowledgements About te editors Introduction
Capter 1
Capter 2
Capter 3
Capter 4
Capter 5
Capter 6
Capter 7
Capter 8
WattecnologyandopendatacandoforwomeninKosovo: A critical assessment of te potential of ICT skills programmes and open data to empower women in te ICT sector in Kosovo Natalia Domagala
Journalistsandteintermediationofopendata:A Nigerian perspective Patrick Enaolo & Doyinsola Dina
Using open data for public services Miranda Marcus, Ed Parkes, herese Karger-Lercl, Jack Hardinges & Roza Vasileva
Localisingglobalcommitments:Opendatainsub-national contexts in Indonesia and te Pilippines Micael Cañares
Closingtegapsinopendataimplementationatsub-national government level in Indonesia Ilam Cendekia Srimarga & Markus Cristian
he cost of late payments in public procurement Juan Pane, Camila Salazar & Julio Paciello
Connectingflowsandplaces:Flowsof(open)datato,from and witin yperlocal communities in Tanzania François van Scalkwyk
Decentralisedopendatapublisingfortepublictransport route planning ecosystem Julián Rojas, Bert Marcelis, Eveline Vlassenroot, Matias van Compernolle, Pieter Colpaert & Ruben Verborg
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Capter 9
Capter 10
SITUATING OPEN DATA: GLOBAL TRENDS IN LOCAL CONTEXTS
Buildingaframeworkforteanalysisoffactorstocreation and growt of an open data ecosystem Edson Carlos Germano, Nicolau Reinard & Violeta Sun
Fromteorytopractice:Opengovernmentdata,accountability and service delivery Micael Cristoper Jelenic
About te autors
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About this book
he capters in tis edited volume represent contributions to te tird Open Data Researc Symposium (ODRS) eld on 25 September 2018 in Buenos Aires. ODRS 2018 was caired by Stefaan Verulst (te GovLab, NYU Tandon Scool) and François van Scalkwyk (Centre for Researc on Evaluation, Science and Tecnology, Stellenbosc University) wit te invaluable support of te organising committee comprised of Emmy Circir (Münster University), Micael Cañares (Step Up Consultants), Tim Davies (Practical Participation), Gustavo Magalães (University of Austin Texas and Portugal CoLab), Micelle McLeod (University of te West Indies), Silvana Fumega (ILDA) and Joanna Walker (University of Soutampton). We would like to acknowledge te support of GovLab and Open Data for Development (OD4D) wic elped organise te tird edition of ODRS.
Acknowledgements
We would like to tank te following expert reviewers wo were instrumental in te process of editing tis book (in alpabetical order): Ingrid Brudvig (Web Foundation), Nkeci Cocker (Code for Africa), Eva Constantaras (Independent), Ricard Heeks (University of Mancester), Glenn Mail (Web Foundation), Paul Mungai (Fairwork Foundation), Paul Plantinga (Human Sciences Researc Council), Mor Rubinstein (360Giving), Giuseppe Sollazzo (Department for Transport), Joannes Tonn (Global Integrity) and Katerine Wikrent (Open Contracting Partnersip).
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About the editors
DannY LäMMeRiRT is an etnograper of digital data wit an interest in public participation and critical data practices. Currently e is a PD candidate at te University of Siegen, Germany. His dissertation examines ow ealt data saring platforms use data donations to turn personal data into ‘valuable’ resources and ow notions of ‘value’ are constructed and contested. Danny was researc lead at te Open Knowledge Foundation and assistant researcer wit te Fraunofer Society and at te University of Amsterdam.
Ana BRandUSeSCUis an independent researcer, advisor and facilitator. Se is te resident Professor of Practice for 2019–2020 at McGill University’s Centre for Interdisciplinary Researc on Montreal (CIRM) and an OpenNort Fellow were se will design and implement a researc agenda on AI in cities and its transformative effects on institutions. Ana previously led researc and policy projects at te Web Foundation. Se is on te advisory board of Learning from Small Cities.
NaTalia DOMaGalaleads on data etics policy at te Cabinet Office, Government Digital Service in te UK. Se previously advised on open government and open data policies for te Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport in te UK and implemented open data callenges for 360Giving. Se as researc experience in antropology, gender, civic tec, and economic development. Natalia received er MSc in Local Economic Development from te London Scool of Economics and Political Science and er BA in Antropology and Media from Goldsmits University.
PaTRiCK EnaOlOolds a doctoral degree in media and communication from te University of Leeds, UK. His researc interests include digital/social media and open data wit particular focus on teir cultural significance in society. He is currently a member of faculty at te Pan-Atlantic University in Lagos, Nigeria, were e also eads te Open Data Researc Centre, a researc unit focusing on te impact of data on development in developing contexts.
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Introduction
he Open Data Researc Symposium (ODRS) is a bi-annual gatering designed to provide a space for researcers working on open data to reflect critically on teir findings and to apply and advance teories tat explain te dynamics of open data as a socially constructed penomenon and practice. ODRS is intended to be a safe space for debate in te presence of demands for fast results and proofs of impact – altoug tis is not to suggest tat researcers sould be immune to considerations of relevance and transfer. herefore, ODRS is usually organised alongside te International Open Data Conference (IODC) as a way for researcers to present teir latest work, learn about oter projects in te open data space and brainstorm new ideas. he symposium inspired te emergence of te Open Data Researc Network wit an aim to keep te momentum going in te ODRS community by saring ongoing researc. For te 2018 edition of te symposium, te organisers received a total of 30 extended abstracts of wic 12 were accepted for presentation in Buenos Aires. Selection was based on single-blind review of eac abstract by at least two independent experts. Autors were required to submit full papers of teir abstracts one week aead of te symposium, and tese papers were sared wit tose wo ad registered for te symposium. After te symposium, accepted autors were invited to revise and submit full papers for consideration in tis edited volume. Papers underwent double-blind review by at least two peers, and autors were required to revise teir papers before being accepted for publication.
Situating open data in critical data studies
he ODRS 2018 itself explored ow open government data researc sould position itself witin broader debates on data. Some attendees were in favour of including oter types of open data beyond government data. Attendees also reflected on te fact tat muc open data researc focuses narrowly on data from public institutions and governments, excluding researc on open access and open science for instance. Oters suggested te need to revive engagement wit topics suc as data ownersip, te politics of making data public, or te relationsip between open data, data rigts and data justice. he role of open data for corporate actors, automated systems, artificial intelligence, and oter emerging trends was also igligted. his suggests sifting viewpoints on open data initiatives from wat tey were some years ago. Instead of deploying and implementing open data programmes in social contexts, or seeking to understand teir benefits and impacts, te value
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SITUATING OPEN DATA: GLOBAL TRENDS IN LOCAL CONTEXTS
proposition beind tese programmes sould be interrogated, in order to zoom into te politics of te data. Data politics examines te influence data as on ow umans relate to one anoter, wo benefits from tese relations, ow value is created, and for wom (Ruppert et al. 2017). It offers an alternative to framing data as a resource to be unlocked, pooled, tamed, or unleased, since it considers data as an essential element tat is embedded in istories, social orders, situated ways of knowing, and a wider political economy. his book provides empirical accounts to understand te situatedness of open data along te following temes: 1) open data practices; 2) te local implementation of global trends; and 3) open data ecosystems. Many capters in tis volume simultaneously address several of tese temes. he tematic grouping of capters is an attempt to foreground salient questions for open data researc. In addition, te book covers country-specific, localised applications of open data wit a few capters explicitly focusing on ow open government data initiatives unfold witin different socio-political contexts. he geograpical scope of te contributions spans four continents, providing insigts on open data practices in Europe (Kosovo, Belgium, United Kingdom), Africa (Nigeria, Tanzania), Asia (Indonesia, te Pilippines), and Latin America (Paraguay, Brazil).
Open data practices
Several capters discuss ow actors practice open data. Eac of tem points – more or less explicitly – to te dual role data literacy plays. It may at once be a resource to upskill people and work wit data and a form of critical practice tat reflects on te istorical functions of data witin public institutions and te public spere. Several capters explicitly make a case for boosting data literacy as a matter of upskilling and point out resource and oter constraints indering te take up of data literacy. Peraps less explicitly, but not less importantly, several capters critically examine ow people practise data in different social settings – from ealt data reporting to data journalism – to sow ow data practice and te functioning of institutions are mutually related. Regarded in tis way, data literacy becomes a form of critique tat understands data not only as a product of institutions but as an active element saping ow institutions administer te world. In Capter 1: ‘Wat tecnology and open data can do for women in Kosovo: A critical assessment of te potential of ICT skills programmes and open data to empower women in te ICT sector in Kosovo’, Natalia Domagala critically assesses ow open data is used in ICT grassroots programmes created for young women to gain ICT skills and work wit open data, and weter tis contributes to teir empowerment. Domagala answers pertinent questions suc as: Wat are te sources of disempowerment of women in te ICT sector in Kosovo? Wat are te strengts of ICT skills programmes and open data for te empowerment of women? Wat are teir limitations? hroug key informant interviews,
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INtroDuctIoN
Domagala identifies tat tese programmes can counter te negative effect of socio-cultural norms, wic end up discouraging women from undertaking employment in te ICT sector. hese programmes do so by providing igly demanded skills, support networks and role models. Yet, ICT skills building programmes can exclude women wo lack access to te internet, provide little practical employment assistance and fall sort on strategic ways to strengten political engagement even toug tey are often touted as campioning civic engagement. he capter provides practical insigts for policymakers on ow to improve te effectiveness of ICT skills programmes and teir ability to create broader social benefits by using open data. In Capter 2: ‘Journalists and te intermediation of open data: A Nigerian perspective’, Patrick Enaolo and Doyinsola Dina examine te work of open data intermediation by journalists in Nigeria. he capter discusses ow journalists, as intermediaries of government data, engage wit end-users in te open data ecosystem. he capter builds on te competency framework proposed in Van Scalkwyk et al. (2016) to understand te role of journalists as intermediaries of open data. Using a mixed metod approac, te autors determine tat, witin te specific context tey operate, tecnical as well as creative competencies are key to ensuring te effectiveness of journalists’ role in te open data ecosystem. Altoug te study also identifies te lack of tecnical skills and competencies as te primary callenge for journalists in te Nigerian context, tey sow ow tese are compensated for by oter intermediaries in te open data value cain suc as civil society and civic tec groups. In Capter 3: ‘Using open data for public services’, Miranda Marcus, Ed Parkes, herese Karger-Lercl, Jack Hardinges and Roza Vasileva explore te use of open data in public service delivery in a collaborative manner to solve problems and support innovation in te UK public sector. he capter distinguises tree patterns of open data in public sector institutions and teir effects on delivering public services: (1) open data for increasing access to public services; (2) open data for more efficient public service delivery; and (3) open data for policy development. he researc as been conducted troug a combination of interviews, desk researc, and visualisation tecniques. Due to te complexity and non-linear process of public service delivery, te autors used a ric picturing metod to portray public services as ecosystems. he capter concludes wit comparisons across te tree patterns of open data use in public services, looking at te following aspects: organisational collaboration, tecnology infrastructure, digital skills and literacy, foundational data infrastructure, open standards for data, senior-level campioning, intermediaries, problem focus, open innovation and peer networks.
Local implementation of global trends
In Capter 4: ‘Localising global commitments: Open data in sub-national contexts in Indonesia and te Pilippines’, Micael Cañares analyses te
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role and scope of local government in implementing te Open Government Partnersip commitments. he capter develops case studies of early open data adopters in Bool province in te Pilippines and te city of Banda Ace in Indonesia. he cases describe ow local open data initiatives are saped by political leadersip, civil society, and data literacy. It ten outlines callenges and opportunities for implementing open data initiatives. he capter concludes wit recommendations for open data practitioners in local governments to: 1) engage in local consultations; 2) ensure a legal basis for open data initiatives; 3) strengten citizen engagement; 4) and invest in local capacity for data suppliers and users. In Capter 5: ‘Closing te gaps in open data implementation at sub-national government level in Indonesia’, Ilam Cendekia Srimarga and Markus Cristian trace te implementation of an open data project in a sub-national context. he autors discuss teir involvement in te transition of Bojonegoro district government in Indonesia from one stage of aggregated data to one in wic disaggregated data is employed in order to facilitate iger levels of public participation wit open data. he callenges encountered during te first stage included te obsolescence of te data and te difficulty of processing due to its closed format wic fell sort of expectations and led to a predominantly low response from citizens. he second stage involved civil society organisations and oter stakeolders to provide analyses and recommendations tat eventually engendered a ‘data revolution’ concept. he autors examine ow data provisioning tecnology (suc as te format and representation of open data) and te context in wic tis appens (suc as te low rate of adoption of open data by stakeolders) can sape te eventual outcomes of suc implementations. In Capter 6: ‘he cost of late payments in public procurement’, Juan Pane, Camila Salazar, and Julio Paciello examine ow granular open data on public procurement payment processes can be used to contribute to cost savings for public administration. Based on public institutional data from Paraguay, te autors assess te duration of public procurement payments to estimate te cost of payment process delays and ow tey affect suppliers. In turn, te autors determined te variables tat contribute to tese delays using descriptive analysis and financial cost estimation to calculate te cost of late payments on suppliers, and modelled te duration of payments using survival analysis to identify wic variables ave a role in delaying payments. Wen properly implemented and analysed, te study found tat open data can positively impact te public procurement cost saving process. he study finds tat te duration from te moment an invoice is issued to wen te payment occurs can be of approximately 55 days on average for eac payment as opposed to international practice of a 30-day average. Between 2011 and 2017, late payments accumulated to USD 81.07 million. For cost saving efforts to be successful, te autors recommend te Paraguay public administration to analyse te payment process and apply an appropriate corrective normative framework.
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