Administration and Finance Translation , livre ebook
205
pages
English
Ebooks
2001
Obtenez un accès à la bibliothèque pour le consulter en ligne En savoir plus
Découvre YouScribe en t'inscrivant gratuitement
Découvre YouScribe en t'inscrivant gratuitement
205
pages
English
Ebooks
2001
Obtenez un accès à la bibliothèque pour le consulter en ligne En savoir plus
Publié par
Date de parution
01 janvier 2001
Nombre de lectures
4
EAN13
9796500000510
Langue
English
هذا الكتاب يضم تمارين كافية لترجمة النصوص الإدارية والمالية إدارة عامة، إدارة أعمال، مُحاسبة، أعمال مصرفية، مالية من الإنجليزية إلى العربية مع مسارد المصطلحات المتخصصة، ويصلح هذا الكتاب أن يكون مُقررا لطلاب الجامعة قسم اللغة الإنجليزية أو قسم الترجمة.
Voir
Publié par
Date de parution
01 janvier 2001
Nombre de lectures
4
EAN13
9796500000510
Langue
English
ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE TRANSLATION: FROM ENGLISH INTO ARABIC :ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳌاو ﺔﻳرادﻹا ﺔﻤﺟﱰﻟا ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﱃا ﺔﻳﺰﻴﻠﺠﻧﻹا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻦﻣ Dr. Muhammad Ali Alkhuli Publisher : DAR ALFALAH ﻊﻳزﻮﺘﻟاو ﴍﺎﻨﻟا راد :ﴍﺎﻨﻟا P.O. Box 818 818 ب . ص Swaileh 11910 11910 ﺢﻠﻳﻮﺻ Jordan ندرﻷا Tel & Fax 0096266-5411547 009626-5411547 ﺲﻛﺎﻓو ﻒﺗﺎﻫ books@daralfalah.com E-mail: Website: www.daralfalah.com ﻪﻨﻣ ءﺰﺟ يأ وأ بﺎﺘﻜﻟا ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﻊﻨم ،نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺐﺟﻮ
Copyright: by the Publisher All rights are reserved. No part of this book may be translated, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording without the prior written permission of the publisher. 2008 Edition ﻊﻳزﻮﺘﻟاو ﴩﻨﻠﻟ حﻼﻔﻟا راد :ﴍﺎﻨﻟا Publisher : DAR ALFALAH 818 ب .ص P.O. Box 818 11910 ﺢﻠﻳﻮﺻ Swaileh 11910 ندرﻷا Jordan 009626 - 5411547ﺲﻛﺎﻓو ﻒﺗﺎﻫ Tel & Fax 0096266-5411547 ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟا ﺔﻴﺒﺘﻜﳌا ةﺮﺋاد عاﺪﻳﻹا ﻢﻗر 2001/9/1828 418, 022 Alkhuli, Muhammad Ali Administration And Finance Translation: From English into Arabic / Muhammad Ali Alkhuli Amman: Dar Alfalah, 2001 (202) P Deposit no: 1828/9/2001 Depositors: Translation / Business Management ندرﻷا ، ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟا ﺔﺒﺘﻜﳌا ةﺮﺋاد ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻟوﻷا ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺘﻟاو ﺔﺳﺮﻬﻔﻟا تﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ داﺪﻋإ ﻢﺗ * 2001/9/1749 ﴩﻨﻟاو تﺎﻋﻮﺒﻄﳌا ةﺮﺋاد ىﺪﻟ ﻞﺴﻠﺴﺘﳌا ةزﺎﺟﻻا ﻢﻗر ISBN 9957 – 401 – 43 – 2 ( ﻚﻣدر )
2
CONTENTS PREFACE………………………………………………...…… 5 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TRANSLATION………...…. 8 UNIT16 1.PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: WHAT IT MEANS …… UNIT2.COMPARISON IN THE STUDY OF PIBLUIC 20 ADMINISTRAITON………………………………... UNIT243. WHATE IS PUBLIC ADMINISTRAITON?............. UNIT284. NATURE AND KINDS OF CONTRACTS……..…. UNIT5. PUBLIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS……………… 32 UNIT6. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS……..…………… 36 UNIT7. APPROACHES TO MANAGMENT AND ADMINISTRAITON DEVELOPMENT……..…...…… 40 UNIT8. THE DEMANDS OF INDEPENDCE UPON PUBLIC ADMINISTRAITON……….………...…… 48 UNIT9. THE USEFULNESS OF METHODS AND STATISCS TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION…… 52 UNIT10. IMAGES OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRAITON……... 60 UNIT5611. MANAGEMENT MADE SIMPLE……...……...… UNIT6012. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW……………...………… UNIT6413. FACTORS INFLUENCING PRODUCTIVITY… UNIT14. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT…………………… 68 UNIT15. THREE FINANCIAL TARGETS……………….. 72 UNIT16.OPERATING ENVIRONMENT OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT……..……………………………. 76 UNIT17. PRIVATE SECTOR AND PUBLIC SECTOR….… 80 UNIT18. INDESTRIAL SITUATION AND ITS NATURE……... 84 UNIT19. MANAGEMENT AS A PROFESSION……..….… 88 UNIT9220. INDESTRIAL RELATIONS…………...….……… UNIT9621. AN OVERVIEW OF MANAGERIAL FINANCE…… UNIT10022. MEASUREMENT OF EXPENSES………..…….. UNIT23.THE ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS AND GOALS 104OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR………………………….
3
UNIT24. ORGANIZATIONAL THEORY………………….. UNIT25. INTERNATIONAL BANKING…………………... UNIT26. MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES………………. UNIT27. EURO-CURRENCY MARKETS…………...……. UNIT28. SUCCESSFUL INVESTING…………………….. UNIT29. CURRENT ACCONT…………..…………………. UNIT30. INVESTMENT…………..………………………... UNIT31. COMMERCIAL BANKS…………..…………….. UNIT32. DEPOSIT CONTRACTS AND BANKING……… UNIT33. OVERVIEW OF FINANCIAL MARKETS UNIT34. THE IMPORTANCE OF LENDING……...……… UNIT35. THE ACCOUNTS OF A TRADING CONCERN UNIT36. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS…………………… UNIT37. THE FRAMEWORK FOR ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL REPORTING FOR GOVERNMENTAL AND NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS…… UNIT38.OBJECTIVES AND ENVIRONMENT OF ACCOUNTING…………………..………………... UNIT39. WOMEN IN MANAGEMENT…..……………... UNIT40. PURPOSE OF ACCOUNTING……..……..….. UNIT41.SOURCE AND METHODOLOGY OFACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES……………………………………… UNIT42. A PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT……………… UNIT43. MANAGER –EMPLOYEE RELATIONS……… UNIT44. ACCOUNTING AS A CAREER………….……. UNIT45. ACCOUNTING: AN INFORMATION SYSTEM TEXT SOURCES……………………………………………… AUTHOR'S BOOKS…………………………………………...
4
108 112 116 120 124 128 132 136 140 144 148 152 156 160 164 168 172 178 180 184 188 192 196
200
ﻢﻴﺣﺮﻟا ﻦﻤﺣﺮﻟا ﷲ ﻢﺴﺑ PREFACE ﺔــﻣ ﺪــﻘــﻣ ﻦـﻣ ﺔـﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ ﻪـﻴﻓ ﻊـﻄﻘﻟاو .ﺔـﻳرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔـﻤﺟﱰﻟا ﲆﻋ ﺐﻳرﺪﺗ ﻮﻫ بﺎﺘﻜﻟا اﺬﻫ ةرادإو ﺔـﻣﺎﻌﻟا ةرادﻷاو ﺔﺒـﺳﺎﺤﳌا ﻲـﻫ ﺔـﻌﺑرأ تﻻﺎـﺠﻣ ﰲ ﻲـﻬﻓ ،ﺎـﻫاﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﺚـﻴﺣ ﺔـﻌﻄﻗ نـﻌﺑرأو ﺲـﻤﺧ ﲆـﻋ يﻮـﺘﺤﻳ بﺎـﺘﻜﻟاو .ﺔﻴﻓـﴫﳌاو ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳌا مﻮﻠﻌﻟاو لﻋﻷا ﻞـﻌﺟأ أ ﺄـﺷأ و .ﺮﻛﺬـﻟا ﺔﻘﺑﺎـﺳ ﺔـﻌﺑرﻷا تﻻﺎـﺠﳌا ﲆـﻋ ﺎـﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ يوﺎﺴﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻋزﻮﻣ تﺮـﺛآ اﺬـﻟ ،ﻰﻨﻌﳌا جودﺰﻣ اﻮﻨﻌﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻷ ،"ﺔﻳرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﻤﺟﱰﻟا" بﺎﺘﻜﻟا اﻮﻨﻋ ." ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳌاو ﺔﻳرادﻷا ﺔﻤﺟﱰﻟا" اﻮﻨﻋ .ﺔـﻤﺟﱰﻟاﰲﺔـﻣﺎﻌﻟائدﺎـﺒﳌالوﺎـﻨﺘﻳًﺎﻳﺪـﻴﻬًاءﺰﺟﻪﺘﻳاﺪﺑﰲبﺎﺘﻜﻟاﻞﻤﺸﻳو ، ﻊﺒﻄﻟﺎـﺑو .ﺔـﻤﺟﱰﻟﺎﺑ ءﺪـﺒﻟا ﻞـﺒﻗ ﻪـﺑﻼﻄﻟ ئدﺎـﺒﳌا هﺬﻫ ﺢﺿﻮﻳ أ ذﺎﺘﺳﻷﺎﺑ ﻦﺴﺤﻳو .ًﺎﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣﻚﻟذىأرﻠﻛﻪﺑﻼﻄﻟﺎﻬﺤﺿﻮﻳأذﺎﺘﺳﻸﻟﻦﻜةﺪﻳﺪﻋىﺮﺧأئدﺎﺒﻣكﺎﻨﻫ دﺪــﻋيوﺎــﺴﺘﻟةﺪــﺣونــﻌﺑرأوًﺎـــﺴﻤﺧتاﺪــﺣﻮﻟادﺪــﻋُﺖــﻠﻌﺟﺪــﻘﻟو تاﴐﺎـﺤﻣ ثﻼـﺛ سﺎـﺳأ ﲆﻋ ،ﺪﺣاﻮﻟا ﳼارﺪﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ﰲ تاﴐﺎﺤﳌا
5
اذإاﺬـﻫ.ﺪﺣاﻮﻟاﳼارﺪﻟاﻞﺼﻔﻟاﰲًﺎﻋﻮﺒﺳأﴩﻋﺔﺴﻤﺧىﺪﻣﲆﻋًﺎﻴﻋﻮﺒﺳأﻦـٌﻜ اﺬـﻫ ﺈـﻓ ، ﻞـﻗأ تاﴐﺎـﺤﳌا دﺪـﻋ ﺎـﻛ اذإو .ةﴐﺎـﺤﻣ 45 ﺲﻳرﺪـﺗ ﺎﻨﺿﱰﻓا .ءﺎﺸﻳ ﺎﻣ ءﺎﻨﺜﺘﺳاو ﻊﻄﻘﻟا ﻦﻣ ءﺎﺸﻳ ﺎﻣ رﺎﻴﺘﺧا ﻦﻣ ذﺎﺘﺳﻷا
بﻼـﻄﻟا مﻮـﻘﻳ أ ﻲـﻫ – ﻲـﻳأر ﰲ – ﺔـﻤﺟﱰﻟا ﺲﻳرﺪـﺘﻟ قﺮـﻄﻟا ﻞـﻀﻓأ ﻦﻣو ذﺎﺘـﺳﻷا فاﴍﺈـﺑ ﺔﻤﺟﱰﻟا ﻖﻴﻗﺪﺘﺑ بﻼﻄﻟا مﻮﻘﻳ ﻢﺛ ،ﻒﺼﻟا جرﺎﺧ ﺔﺑﻮﺘﻜﳌا ﺔﻤﺟﱰﻟﺎﺑ ،ىﺮـﺧأ ةرﺎﺒﻌﺑ .ﻒﺼﻟا جرﺎﺧ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻬﻨﻟا ﺔﻤﺟﱰﻟا ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﺑ ﻮﻣﻮﻘﻳ ﻢﺛ ، ةﴐﺎﺤﳌا ءﺎﻨﺛأ ﰲ ﺔﻤﺟﱰﻟا ﻖﻴﻗﺪﺗ (2) ،ﺖﻴﺒﻟا ﰲ ﱃوﻷا ﺔﻤﺟﱰﻠﻟ بﻼﻄﻟا ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ (1) :ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ ثﻼﺛ كﺎﻨﻫ أ ﻚـﺷ ﻻ .ﺖـﻴﺒﻟا ﰲ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻬﻨﻟا ﺔﻤﺟﱰﻠﻟ بﻼﻄﻟا ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ (3) ،ﻒﺼﻟا ﰲ ذﺎﺘﺳﻷا فاﴍﺈﺑ ﻞـﻀﻓأﻦـﻣﺔـﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟاهﺬـﻫأﺪـﻘﺘﻋأﻲـﻨﻨﻜﻟو،ﺔﻤﺟﱰﻟاﺲﻳرﺪﺘﻟىﺮﺧأًﺎﻗﺮﻃكﺎﻨﻫ قوﺮـﻳ ﺎـﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ رﺎﺘﺨﻳو قﺮﻃ ةﺪﻋ بﺮﺠﻳ أ ذﺎﺘﺳﻷﺎﺑ ﻦﺴﺤﻳ ،لﺎﺣ يأ ﲆﻋو .قﺮﻄﻟا .ﻪﻟ
ﰲ ﺔـﻴﻓﺎﻛ ﺔـﻴﻤﻛ ﻲـﻫو ،نﺘﺤﻔـﺻ ﻦـﻣ ﺺﻧ ﲆﻋ يﻮﺘﺤﺗ بﺎﺘﻜﻟا ﰲ ةﺪﺣو ﻞﻛ ﻦﻜﻤﺘـﻳ ﻻ ﺪـﻗ ،ﺔـﻘﻴﻘﺤﻟا ﰲو .ةﴐﺎـﺤﳌا ﺖـﻗو ﻲـﻫ ﻦﻣﺰـﻟا ﻦـﻣ ﺔﻋﺎﺳ ءﻞﳌ ﺐﻟﺎﻐﻟا ﺔﺑﻮﻌـﺻ ﲆـﻋ ﻒـﻗﻮﺘﻳ ﺮـﻣﻷا إ . ﺖﻗﻮﻟا ﻂﻐﺿ ﺖﺤﺗ نﺘﺤﻔﺼﻟا ﺔﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﻦﻣ ذﺎﺘﺳﻷا ﻻ . ﺔـﻤﺟﱰﻟا ﺲﻳرﺪـﺗ ﺔـﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﲆـﻋو ﻢﻫـﻀﺤﺗ ىﺪﻣو بﻼﻄﻟا ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﲆﻋو ﺺﻨﻟا ىﺪـﺣإ وأ تاﺮـﻘﻔﻟا ﺾﻌﺒـﺑ ﻲـﻔﺘﻜﻳ ﺪـﻗ ذإ ، نﺘﺤﻔـﺼﻟا ﺔـﻤﺟﱰﺑ ذﺎﺘـﺳﻷا مﺰـﻠﻳ ءﳾ ﻦـﻣ ﻊﻴﻄﺘـﺴﻳ ﺎـﻣ ﻛأ ﻢﺟﱰﻳ أ ﺎاد ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻠﻟ حﻮﺘﻔﻣ لﺎﺠﻣ كﺎﻨﻫ ﻦﻜﻟو .نﺘﺤﻔﺼﻟا ﺖﺤﺗﻒﺼﻟاﰲلﺎﺤﻟاﻮﻫﻣﻒﺼﻟاجرﺎﺧﺖﻗﻮﻟاﻦﻣﻊﺳوأًﻻﺎﺠﻣﻪﻳﺪﻟﻷﺺﻨﻟا .ةﴐﺎﺤﻤﻠﻟ دوﺪﺤﳌا ﺖﻗﻮﻟا ﻂﻐﺿ
6
Helpful ةﺪﻋﺎـﺴﻣ تـﻠﻛ ﲆـﻋ ةﺪـﺣو ﻞــﻛ يﻮـﺘﺤﺗ ، ﺺــﻨﻟا ﱃا ﺔﻓﺎـﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﺮـﻬﻈﺗو ، ﺺﻨـﻟا ﰲ ةدراﻮﻟا تارﺎﺒﻌﻟا ﻢﻫأ ناﻮﻨﻌﻟا اﺬﻫ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺮﻬﻈﺗو . Vocabulary تارﺎـﺒﻋ ﻲـﻫو ، قﺎﻴـﺴﻟا ﺐـﻠﻄﺘﻳ ﺒـﺴﺣ فﺪـﻬﻟا ﺔـﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺎـﻬﺘﻤﺟﺮﺗ ةرﺎﺒﻋ ﻞﻛ مﺎﻣأ ﻞـﻛ ﲆـﻋ يﻮـﺘﺤﺗ ﻻ ةﺪﻋﺎـﺴﳌا تـﻠﻜﻟا ﻦـﻣ ﺔﺤﻔـﺼﻟا هﺬﻫ .ﺐﻟﺎﻐﻟا ﰲ ﺔﻴﺣﻼﻄﺻا . ﻂـﻘﻓ ﺎـﻫزﺮﺑأ ﲆـﻋ يﻮﺘﺤﺗ ﻞﺑ ، ﻢﺟﱰﳌا ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟا ﺎﻬﺟﺎﺘﺤﻳ ﻲﺘﻟا تارﺎﺒﻌﻟاو تادﺮﻔﳌا . ﺎﻳروﴐ ﻚﻟذ ىأر ﻠﻛ ﻢﺠﻌﳌﺎﺑ ﻌﺘﺴﻳ نأ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟا ﲆﻋو ةﺪـﺣو مﻮﻳ ﻞﻛ يﻮـﺘﺤﺗ ، ةﺪﻋﺎﺴﳌا تﻠﻜﻟاو رﺪﺼﳌا ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺺﻨﻟا ﱃا ﺔﻓﺎﺿإ ،قﺎﻘﺘـﺷﻻا ﻦﻳﺮـ ﻮـﻫ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻦﻳرﺘﻟا هﺬﻫ ﻊﻴﺷأو .ﺺﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻠﺻ يذ يﻮﻐﻟ ﻦﻳﺮ ﲆﻋ وأءـﺳأوألﺎـﻌﻓأﱃاﺔﻔﻨـﺼﻣﻲـﻫو.ﺺﻨـﻟاﰲْتدروتـﻠﻛةﺪـﻋﺮـﻬﻈﺗﺚﻴﺣ ،ًﻼـﻌﻓﺔـﻤﻠﻜﻟاﺖـﻧﺎﻛاذإ،ًﻼﺜـﻣ.ﻦﻳﺮـﺧﻵاﻋﻮـﻨﻟاﻖﺘـﺸﻳنأﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟاﲆﻋو،تﺎﻔﺻ ﻞﻌﻔﻟا ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻖﺘﺸﻳ نأ ﻪﻴﻠﻌﻓ ،ﺔﻔﺻ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ اذإو . ﺔﻔﺼﻟاو ﻢﺳﻻا ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻖﺘﺸﻳ نأ ﻪﻴﻠﻌﻓ . ﺔـﻤﻠﻛ ﻞـﻛ مﺎـﻣأ ىﺮـﺧﻷا ﺔـﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﻞـﺑﺎﻘﳌا ﺐـﺘﻜﻳ نأ ﺎـﻀﻳأ ﻪﻴﻠﻋو . اﺬﻜﻫو ،ﻢﺳﻻاو ﰲ ﳼﺎـﺳأ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻲﻫ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﺗادﺮﻔﳌا ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟا ﺔﻠﻴﺼﺣ ءاﺮﺛإ ﻦﻳﺮﻤﺘﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳﺎﻐﻟاو . ﺔﻴﻤﺟﱰﻟا ةرﺪﻘﻟا ﺮـﺧآ ﰲ تﺮﻬﻇ ﺪﻘﻠﻓ ، ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ تﻼﺠﻣ وأ ﺐﺘﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺴﺒﺘﻘﻣ صﻮﺼﻨﻟا نأ ﺎو . تﺎﺳﺎﺒﺘﻗﻻا هﺬﻫ ردﺎﺼﻣ ﺒﺗ ﺔﺎﻗ بﺎﺘﻜﻟا ﻪﻟﻦﻣﻞﻜﻟوﺔﻤﺟﱰﻟابﻼﻄﻟةﺪﺋﺎﻓاذبﺎﺘﻜﻟااﺬﻫنﻮﻜﻳنأﻮﺟرأ،ًﺎﻣﺎﺘﺧو . ﺔﻤﺟﱰﻟﺎﺑ مﺘﻫا . ﳌﺎﻌﻟا بر ﺪﻤﺤﻟاو ﱄﻮﺨﻟا ﲇﻋ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ .د.أ
7
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TRANSLATION ﺔﻤﺟﱰﻟا ﰲ ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ئدﺎﺒﻣ ﻲﻋاﺮﺗ نأ ﺐﺠﻳ ﻲﺘﻟا ئدﺎﺒﳌا ﻢﻫﺄﺑ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟا ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺲﺤﻳ ، بﺎﺘﻜﻟا اﺬﻫ ﺔﻳاﺪﺑ ﰲ :ﲇﻳ ﺎﻣ ئدﺎﺒﳌا هﺬﻫ ﻦﻣو . ﺔﻤﺟﱰﻟا ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ءﺎﻨﺛأ ﰲ ﻰﻨﻌﳌا ﺔﻀﻣﺎﻏ Source language رﺪﺼﳌا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻟا ﺖﻧﺎﻛ اذإ.1 لوﺎﺤﻳ نأ ﻢﺟﱰﳌا ﲆﻌﻓ ، ( داﺮﻔﻣ ﺐﺒﺳ وأ يﻮﺤﻧ ﺐﺒﺴﻟ ﺎﻌﳌا ةدﺪﻌﺘﻣ يأ) .ﻚﻟاذ ﻪﻨﻜﻣأ ﻠﻛ target language فﺪﻬﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ ﺎﻬﺿﻮﻤﻏ ﺔﻟازإ رﺪﺼﳌا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟا هﺪﺼﻗ يﺬﻟا ﺛﺄﺘﻟا ﻢﺟﱰﳌا ﻞﻘﻨﻳ نأ ﻦﺴﺤﺘﺴﻳ.2 مأًﺎﺋزﺎﻫمأًاﺮﺧﺎﺳمأًﺎﻄﺧﺎﺳﺐﺗﺎﻜﻟانﺎﻛﻞﻫ.ﺛﺄﺜﻟاﻚﻟﺬﻟًﺎﻛرﺪﻣﻢﺟﱰﳌانﺎﻛاذإ ﺘﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑﺔﻳارﺪﻟاوةﱪﺨﻟاوﺔﺳرﳌﺎﺑﻻإﺄﺘﻳﻻاﺬﻫو؟ﺦﻟا...ًﻼﻐﻔﻨﻣمأًﺎﺒﺿﺎﻏ .( فﺪﻬﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟاو رﺪﺼﳌا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا) ﻻذإ،ﺔﻤﺟﱰﻟﺎﺑءﺪﺒﻠﻟﻖﺒﺴﻣطﴩﻛًﺎﻣﺎﺺﻨﻟاﻢﻬﻔﻳنأﻦﻣﻢﺟﱰﻤﻠﻟﺪﺑﻻ.3 . ﺺﻨﻟا ﻢﻬﻓ ءﻮﺳ ﲆﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻣ ﺔﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﻦﻣ ةﺪﺋﺎﻓ دادﺰﺗو .فﺪﻬﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ ﺔﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﳌا تﺎﺤﻠﻄﺼﳌﺎﺑ ﺪﻴﻘﺘﻳ نأ ﻢﺟﱰﳌا ﲆﻋ.4 صﻮﺼﻨﻟا ﺔﻤﺟﺮﺗ يأ ، ﺔﻴﺼﺼﺨﺘﻟا ﺔﻤﺟﱰﻟا ﰲ ءاﺪﺒﳌا اﺬﻫ ﺔﻴﻤﻫأ
8
ﺪﻴﻔﻳ ﻻ ﺎﻨﻫ .ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌا عوﺮﻓ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫاﻮﺳ وأ ﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا وأ مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﰲ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﳌا ﰲ ﺔﻌﺋﺎﺸﻟا تﺎﺤﻠﻄﺼﳌﺎﺑ ماﺰﺘﻟﻻا ﻦﻣ ﺪﺑ ﻻ ﻞﺑ ، ةﺪﻳﺪﺟ تﺎﺤﻠﻠﻄﺼﻣ عاﱰﺧا .دﻮﺸﻨﳌا يﻮﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﻫﺎﻔﺘﻟا ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ فﺪﻬﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﺔﻤﺟﱰﻟا ﻰﻋﺪﻳ ﺎﻣ اﺬﻫو ، رﺪﺼﳌا ﺺﻨﺑ ﺪﻴﻘﺘﻟا ﻮﻫ ﺔﻤﺟﱰﻟا ﰲ ﻞﺻﻷا.5 .ﻰﻨﻌﳌا ﺔﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﱃا لﻮﺤﺘﻳ أ ﻢﺟﱰﳌا ﲆﻌﻓ ، ﺎﻣ ﺐﺒﺴﻟ ﻚﻟذ رﺬﻌﺗ اذإو .ﺔﻴﻓﺮﺤﻟا ﻢﺟﱰﳌا ﻢﺟﺮﺗ اذﺈﻓ ، ﺎﻣ ﺢﻠﻄﺼﳌ ﺔﺘﺑﺎﺛ ﺔﻤﺟﱰﺑ ماﺰﺘﻟﻻا ﻢﺟﱰﳌا ﲆﻋ.6 س ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ص مﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ أ ﻪﻴﻠﻌﻓ ، ﺎﻣ ﺺﻧ ﰲ ﺎﻣ ﺔﻠﻤﺟ ﰲ ص ﻞﺑﺎﻘﳌﺎﺑ س ﺢﻠﻄﺼﳌا قﺎﺴﺗﻻاو تﺎﺒﺜﻟاو حﻮﺿﻮﻟا ئدﺎﺒﻣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻞﺟأ ﻦﻣ رﺪﺼﳌا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ س تﺮﻬﻇ ﻠﻛ .consistency ﺎﺘﻜﻟادﺪﻌﻟا.(3000)ﻲﻤﻗردﺪﻌﺑﻢﺟﱰﻳ(3000ًﻼﺜﻣ)ﻲﻤﻗﺮﻟادﺪﻌﻟا.7 .ﺔﺌﻣثﻼﺛِــﺑﻢﺟﱰﺗthreehundredًﻼﺜﻣ،ﺎﺘﻛدﺪﻌﺑﻢﺟﱰﻳ أﻦﻜphoneme،ًﻼﺜﻣ.ﻮﻫﻛﻰﻘﺒﻳﺢﻠﻄﺼﳌا،تﻻﺎﺤﻟاﺾﻌﺑﰲ.8 .( ﺲﻛﺎﻓ )ﻰﻘﺒﺗ ،fax( ﻢﻴﻧﻮﻓ )ﻲﻫ ﻛ ﻰﻘﺒﺗ ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ ﺎﻫزوﺮﺑ ﲆﻋ ﻆﻓﺎﺤﻳ رﺪﺼﳌا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ ةزرﺎﺒﻟا ةرﺎﺒﻌﻟا وأ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻟا.9 ﺔﻐﻠﻟاﰲدﻮﺳأفﺮﺤﺑﺔﺑﻮﺘﻜﳌاوأﺔﻠﺋﺎﳌاتﻠﻜﻟا،ًﻼﺜﻣ.ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﺑفﺪﻬﻟا اﻮﻨﻋ . فﺪﻬﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ ﺎﻬﺘﺤﺗ ﻂﺧ ﻊﺿﻮﺑ وأ ﺎﻬﺗاذ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻫزاﺮﺑإ ﻦﻜ رﺪﺼﳌا ﻪﺘﺤﺗ ﻊﺿﻮﻳو ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﱃأ ﻢﺟﱰﻳ ﺔﻳﺰﻴﻠﺠﻧﻷا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ ﻞﺋﺎﻣ فﺮﺤﺑ بﻮﺘﻜﳌا بﺎﺘﻜﻟا .ﻞﺋﺎﻣ فﺮﺤﺑ ﻊﺒﻄﻳ وأ ﻂﺧ
9
