Becoming Zimbabwe. A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008 , livre ebook

BECOMING ZIMBABWE
A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008


Edited by BRIAN RAFTOPOULOS and A. S. MLAMBO







First published in 2009 by Weaver Press
P.O. Box A1922, Avondale, Harare

Published in South Africa in 2009 by Jacana Media
10 Orange Street, Sunnyside, Auckland Park, Johannesburg

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ISBN: 978 0 77922 083 7 (Weaver Press) ISBN: 978 1 77009 763 6 (Jacana Media)
ISBN: 978 9 98864 741 4 (ePub)


© This collection: the editors, and the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, 2009 © Individual chapters: the respective authors, 2009

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, or by electronic or mechanical means, including information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publishers, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review.

The publishers would like to express their gratitude to the Ford Foundation whose financial assistance made this publication possible.



Cover: Danes Design, Harare
Cover photograph: Annie Mpalume
Table of Contents

Acronyms used
Chronology
Introduction: The Hard Road to Becoming National

1. Reflections on Pre-Colonial Zimbabwe, c. 850-1880s
Gerald Chikozho Mazarire

2. Mapping Cultural and Colonial Encounters, 1880s–1930s
Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni

3. From the Second World War to UDI, 1940–1965
A. S. Mlambo

4. Social and Economic Developments during the UDI Period
Joseph Mtisi, Munyaradzi Nyakudya and Teresa Barnes

5. War in Rhodesia, 1965–1980
Joseph Mtisi, Munyaradzi Nyakudya and Teresa Barnes

6. From Buoyancy to Crisis, 1980–1997
James Muzondidya

7. The Crisis in Zimbabwe, 1998–2008
Brian Raftopoulos

Bibliography
Notes on Contributors



Acronyms

AAG Affirmative Action Group
ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific countries
AEU Amalgamated Engineering Union
AIPPA Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act
ANC African National Congress or African National Council
BSAC British South Africa Company
BSAP British South Africa Police
CAS Capricorn Africa Society
CCJPZ Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe
CFU Commercial Farmers Union
CHRA Combined Harare Residents’ Association
CIO Central Intelligence Organization
CYL City Youth League
DSA District Security Assistant
ESAP Economic Structural Adjustment Programme
EU European Union
FBAWU Federation of Bulawayo African Workers Union
FLS Frontline States
FRELIMO Front for the Liberation of Mozambique
FROLIZI Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe
IBDC Indigenous Business Development Centre
IBWO Indigenous Business Women’s Organisation
ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
IMF International Monetary Fund
IRA Inter-racial Association
JMO Joint Marketing Organisation
LDO Land Development Officer
MDC Movement for Democratic Change
MK Umkhonto we Sizwe
NAM Non-aligned Movement
NCA National Constitutional Assembly
NDP National Democratic Party
NEPCO National Export Promotion Council
NGO Non-governmental Organization
NIBMAR No Independence Before Majority Rule
NLHA Native Land Husbandry Act
OAU Organisation of African Unity
PF-ZAPU Patriotic Front – Zimbabwe African People’s Union
POSA Public Order and Security Act
RAR Rhodesian African Rifles
RENAMO Mozambique National Resistance
RF Rhodesian Front
RICU Reformed Industrial and Commercial Workers’ Union
RRAEA Rhodesian Railways African Employees Association
SADC Southern African Development Community
SADCC Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference
SRATUC Southern Rhodesian African Trade Union Congress
SRBVA Southern Rhodesian Bantu Voters’ Association
TILCOR Tribal Trust Lands Development Corporation
TTL Tribal Trust Lands
TUC Trade Union Congress
UANC United African National Council
UDI Unilateral Declaration of Independence
UFP United Federal Party
UN United Nations
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
VIDCO Village Development Committee
WADCO Ward Development Committee
WOZA Woman of Zimbabwe Arise
ZACU Zimbabwe African Congress of Unions
ZANLA Zimbabwe National Liberation Army Z
ANU Zimbabwe African National Union
ZANU(PF) Zimbabwe African National Union (Patriotic Front)
ZAPU Zimbabwe African People’s Union
ZCTU Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions
ZIPA Zimbabwe People’s Army
ZIPRA Zimbabwe People’s Revolutionary Army
ZLC Zimbabwe Liberation Council
ZNLWVA Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association
ZWW Zimbabwe Women Writers



Chronology

c.600-900 Zhizo people populate and dominate the Limpopo region.
c.900 Leopard’s Kopje people replace the Zhizo, who move west into the Kalahari to form the Toutswemogala culture.
1220-1290 Mapungubwe, the first Leopard’s Kopje settlement to exhibit the characteristics of a state is established and thrives.
1325-1450 Great Zimbabwe succeeds Mapungubwe and establishes itself as the biggest political and economic centre south of the Zambezi.
1450 Great Zimbabwe succeeded by two contemporaneous states, Khami to the west and Mutapa to the north-east.
1490 Torwa ruler briefly usurps Mutapa throne before he is deposed four years later by Chikuyo Chisamarengu.
1506 Portuguese establish presence in the Mutapa state.
1515-30 Sachiteve Nyamunda establishes an independent state in the south- east which blocks trade between the Portuguese on the coast and the Mutapa state.
1550 Venda language fully established in the Limpopo region, combining some Sotho and Shona elements.
1569/77 Portuguese attempt to invade the Mutapa state.
1600 Goba people move into the area around the confluence of the Zambezi and Sanyati rivers.
1606-09 Mutapa Gatsi Rusere experiences the Matuzianhe revolt.
1629 Mutapa Mavhura Mhande signs the ‘capitulations’ and begins the reign of puppet Munhumutapas.
1663-1704 Mutapa Kamharapasu Mukombwe’s reign reverses losses to the Portuguese incurred during the reign of puppet Munhumutapas, expelling the Portuguese and redistributing land.
1684 Changamire Dombo defeats the Portuguese at the battle of Maungwe.
1690 Rozvi state and Changamire dynasty established in the west.
c.1700 Large-scale migrations out of Mbire and Buhera begin.
1720s Hlengwe groups begin to form in the south-east, disrupting trade between the interior and Inhambane.
1750 Civil wars reach their peak in the Rozvi state.
c.1750 Sections of the Rozvi migrate out of the central state to form the Nambiya dynasty in the north-west and the Singo dynasty south of the Limpopo.
1768 The Hiya attempt an invasion of the Rozvi state.
1824-32 Several Nguni groups enter the Zimbabwean plateau and each fights the Rozvi state.
1838 Ndebele state established in the west, effectively replacing the Rozvi state.
1857 Ndebele successfully subject most major Shona chieftaincies to their rule.
1870 Lobengula signs the Tati Concession.
1878 Portuguese soldier-capitalist Paiva de Andrada seeks to convert the riverine and costal province of Mozambique into an empire covering the entire Zimbabwean plateau working on behalf of Companhia de Mozambique.
1879 Ndebele experience the first serious military defeat by the Shona at Nyaningwe Chivi.
1884-85 German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck hosts the Berlin Conference.
1886 Rich goldfields discovered on the Witwatersrand.
1887 Lobengula signs the Grobler Treaty.
1888 (Feb.) Lobengula signs the Moffat Treaty.
1888 (Mar.) Lobengula signs the Rudd Concession.
1889 (Oct.) Queen of England grants Cecil John Rhodes a Royal Charter.
1890 (Sept.) Pioneer Column occupies Mashonaland and raises the Union Jack in Salisbury (Harare).
1893 Anglo-Ndebele War/Matabele War or Imfazo I.
1894 Hut Tax introduced.
1894 (July) Matabeleland Order-in-Council instituted.
1894 Gwayi and Shangani Reserves created.
1895 (May) British South Africa Company officially adopts the name Southern Rhodesia.
1896 (Mar.) Outbreak of Ndebele uprising/Umzukela Wokuqala or Imfazo II.
1896 (June) Outbreak of Shona uprising or First Chimurenga.
1898 Southern Rhodesia Order-in-Council recognised by the British imperial government as the governing instrument of Rhodesia.
1903 Colonial Legislative Council introduced.
1903 Masters and Servants Act introduced.
1905 Sixty Reserves created.
1910 Southern Rhodesia Native Regulations introduced.
1912 South African Native African Congress (SNANC) formed.
1914 Reserves’ Commission established.
1914 P. S. Ngwenya forms the African Home Mission.
1919 Matabele Home Movement petitions the Crown for the return of alienated Ndebele land.
1923 Responsible Governme