Extinction , livre ebook
130
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English
Ebooks
2017
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130
pages
English
Ebook
2017
Obtenez un accès à la bibliothèque pour le consulter en ligne En savoir plus
Publié par
Date de parution
15 septembre 2017
Nombre de lectures
0
EAN13
9781619305588
Langue
English
Poids de l'ouvrage
26 Mo
Have you seen a dodo bird recently? Do you have mastodons playing in your back yard? Not likely-these species are both extinct, which means the entire population has died out. More than 99 percent of all species, or about 5 billion, have gone extinct since life first formed on Earth 4.5 billion years ago. Some of those species went extinct at the same time in an event know as a mass extinction. What type of event could cause such a massive die off? This is a question that scientists have asked for decades as they explore the causes of extinction. In Extinction: What Happened to the Dinosaurs, Mastodons, and Dodo Birds? readers ages 9 to 12 learn about the scientific investigative work necessary to answer these questions and find the culprit behind mass extinctions. Follow the scientists as they look at all potential reasons for extinction, including asteroid impacts, massive volcanic eruptions, excessive gases in the atmosphere, climate change, and more. Where do scientists find clues to help them answer their questions? In rocks-scientists travel the globe to excavate the evidence. They look for fossils that might tell them what lived before an extinction and what lived after. They also examine the chemical elements in rocks at the boundaries between geologic eras, as well as the structure of rocks. As they follow the evidence, the pieces of the puzzle come together to form a clearer picture of events that happened millions of years ago, whether it's an asteroid strike or a massive volcanic eruption. Extinction is not just a thing of the past. It is happening right now, at a higher rate than is typical. Because of this, there is debate about whether or not the presence of humans on Earth is having the same effect as an asteroid strike or a massive volcanic eruption. Are we currently experiencing the sixth mass extinction? And if so, what are the causes? Can we stop it? Extinction: What Happened to the Dinosaurs, Mastodons, and Dodo Birds? includes hands-on activities and critical thinking exercises to encourage readers to consider humans' role in the current extinction, what we can learn from past extinction events, and how they can be part of efforts to prevent extinction. Hands-on activities, a fun narrative style, interesting facts, species spotlights, and links to primary sources combine to bring the subject of extinction to life in a fun and engaging way.
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Publié par
Date de parution
15 septembre 2017
Nombre de lectures
0
EAN13
9781619305588
Langue
English
Poids de l'ouvrage
26 Mo
What Happened to the Dinosaurs, Mastodons, and Dodo Birds?
EXTINCTION
with25 Projects
LAURA PERDEW Illustrated by Tom Casteel
What Happened to the Dinosaurs, Mastodons, and Dodo Birds?
EXTINCTION
with25 Projects
LAURA PERDEW Illustrated by Tom Casteel
~More life science titles in theBuild It Yourselfseries~
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Nomad Press A division of Nomad Communications 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Copyright © 2017 by Nomad Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review orfor limited educational use. The trademark “Nomad Press” and the Nomad Press logo are trademarks of Nomad Communications, Inc.
ISBN Softcover: 9781619305618 ISBN Hardcover: 9781619305571
Educational Consultant, Marla Conn Questions regarding the ordering of this book should be addressed to Nomad Press 2456 Christian St. White River Junction, VT 05001 www.nomadpress.net
CONTENTS Geologic Time Scale. . . iv
Introduction What Is Extinction? . . . 1
Chapter 1 The Causes of Extinction . . . 13
Chapter 2 The Paleozoic Era . . . 26
Chapter 3 The Mesozoic Era . . . 41
Chapter 4 The Cenozoic Era . . . 55
Chapter 5 Survival . . . 67
Chapter 6 The Sixth Mass Extinction? . . . 79
Chapter 7 Taking Action . . . 96
Glossary|Metric Conversions|ResourcesEssential Questions|Index
Interested in Primary Sources?
Look for this icon.Use a smartphone or tablet app to scan the QR code and explore more! You can find a list of URLs on the Resources page.If the QR code doesn’t work, try searching the Internet with the Keyword Prompts to find other helpful sources. extinction
DevonianMississippPieannsylvanian
323.2
358.9
WORDS TO KNOW
Age of Marine OriginoflifeEarlybacteriaaSnidmapllgeaemulotircgCealolnemidspmloesrxgamnuisltmicselledInvertebrates
EarlysRhiseelTlreoildfocoPobribiimahpsrtiFgrnasismoftsriFstnalpdve(esstretivefishFritslnaraiFlsetixammumimrraeSgharnstsetnpCorksisellafr)oimdaunabngt swamps
485.4
541.0
The timeline of Earth’s lifespan is shown in a geologic time scale. It is broken up into chunks of time callederas. Each era is made up of differentperiods. Some of the more recent periods are also divided intoepochs.
Age of Amphibians
CambrianOrdoviciaSinlurian
419.2
443.4
Paleozoic
v i
FORMATION OF EARTH
MASS EXTINCTIOMNASS EXTINCTION
MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO
Age of Fishes
4,600
Precambrian
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
era:a division of geologic time. period:a division of time within an era. epoch:a division of time within a period.
ecies, om of
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
Today
2.6
23.0
66.0
145.0
ERA
PERIOD
Quaternary
Neogene
Paleogene
Cretaceous
EPOCH
Holocene
Pleistocene
Pliocene
Miocene Age of Mammals Oligocene
Eocene
Paleocene
Extinction of large mammals and birds
Modern humans
Spread of grassy ecosystems
Early primates
MASS EXTINCTION
Placental mammals
Early flowering plants
Dinosaurs diverse and abundant Jurassic Birds evolved Mesozoic Cenozoic Age of Reptiles 201.3 Thitshgeesmeoaljeopolvgraeincethsitaimnsglscueshaechleandaeintihgnechtraeceha.ndtahtpaterpramiopedsluavntededuscaraasmisdpeEapnitsenveadfenxsoseichsh’rtitcntitforeenf,.syrowtheSpsntadnhMASS EXTINCTION First mammals & dinosaurs Triassic Flying reptiles
252.2
Permian
MASS EXTINCTION
v i i
Introduction
WHAT IS EXTINCTION?
You’ve probably heard the word “extinction” before. What does it make you think of? For many people, when they think about extinction, they think about dinosaurs. But dinosaurs represent only a very small percent ofspeciesthat have gone extinct in the history of life on Earth. In fact, more than 5billion species have gone extinct! That’s more than 99 percent of all species that have ever lived on Earth.
Extinction occurs wen te very last member of a species dies. It’s rare tat umans are able to observe tis appening in real time. One opportunity came wit a tortoise called Lonesome George. George was a Pinta Island tortoise. He was very old wen e died. No one knows WORDS TO KNOW for sure, but tey guessed tat e was more tan 100 years old. He ad a broad,extinction:when the last living member of a curved back, stubby legs, and a long, tin, species dies. wrinkled neck. species:a group of plants or animals that are closely related and produce offspring.
1
2
EXTINCTION
prehistoric:long ago, before written history. George’s face was also wrinkled, and ancestor:someone from your family who lived beforedrawn tigt over is mout. He looked you. like te caracter Yoda fromStar Wars, archipelago:a group of wise andprehistoric. At te end of is islands. life, George was very well taken care breed:to produce offspring. of. He lived in a nice place were e was closely watced and doted on. He WORDS TO KNOW ad lots of visitors. Wen George died on June 24, 2012, te news made eadlines around te world. People everywere mourned is deat, even toug most ad never met im. he world watced a species go extinct rigt before its eyes. George’s story actually began undreds of years ago, wen umans first started sailing ? Outside W te seas. Pinta Island tortoises lived on a O of Lonesome N tiny island in te Pacific tat was part of KGeorge’s enclosure, a group of islands called te Galápagos Uthere was a sign for visitors O Islands.to read: “Whatever happens Y to this single animal, let him D Because of te location of te islands,I Dalways remind us that the tey were extremely important to early fate of all living things on sailors. It was te perfect place for pirates, Earth is in human walers, fisermen, and oter sailors to hands.” stock up on fres food. he tortoises werea source of fres meat needed for long voyages. Sailors first came upon te Galápagos Islands in te 1500s. At te time, many species of tortoises were plentiful. And to ungry umans, eac tortoise represented undreds of pounds of protein. his was bad news for te tortoises, especially because teir giant size and overall slowness made tem so easy to catc. Tens of tousands were captured and killed and eaten.
WHAT IS EXTINCTION?
Bythe early 1900s, many turtle populations had been wiped out.
In fact, te Pinta Island tortoise was tougt to be extinct by ten. hat is, until a single individual was found wandering around alone in te early 1970s. Like many of isancestors, George was loaded onto a sip. But e wasn’t killed. He was andled very carefully. George was taken to a tortoise center on Santa Cruz Island, anoter one of te 19 islands in te Galápagosarchipelago.
Soon after is arrival, te tortoise was given te name Lonesome George. He was te last known Pinta Island tortoise. Scientists looked all around te world for a female tortoise to become George’s mate. he ope was tat if tey couldbreed, te species could be saved. But a good mate was never found. George was known as te rarest creature on Eart. Wen e died in 2012, te Pinta Island tortoise was officially extinct. George’s life and deat became a symbol for all species facing extinction.
DEFINING EXTINCTION In George’s case, e was te last Pinta Island tortoise on Eart, and is deat marked te extinction of tat species. Scientists become concerned about a species going extinct wen individuals in a species die at a faster rate tan tey are born.
News of George
When Lonesome George died, people all around the world took notice. You can read an article about his life and death at this website. Why did his death have such an impact on so many people? Do you think humans learned any lessons from George?
Lonesome George NYT
3
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