An Introduction to Linguistics , livre ebook

221

pages

English

Ebooks

2009

Écrit par
Muhammad Ali Alkhuli

Publié par
Dar Al-Falah for Publishing & Distribution

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221

pages

English

Ebooks

2009

Lire un extrait

Obtenez un accès à la bibliothèque pour le consulter en ligne En savoir plus

Publié par

Dar Al-Falah for Publishing & Distribution

Date de parution

01 janvier 2009

Nombre de lectures

EAN13

9796500022680

Langue

English

Poids de l'ouvrage

1 Mo

It is an introduction to morphology, syntax, phonetics, phonemics, semantics, psycholinguistics, and sociolinguistics, with exercises. It can be used as؟ textbook for university students (the English Department). In fact, it is used as؟ textbook at several universities in Jordan.

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Publié par

Dar Al-Falah for Publishing & Distribution

Date de parution

01 janvier 2009

EAN13

9796500022680

Langue

English

Poids de l'ouvrage

1 Mo

Employabilité, métiers et formations LITERATURE

AnIntroduction toLinguistics 2009 Edition Dr. Muhammad Ali Alkhuli Publisher: DAR ALFALAH ﻊﻳزﻮﺘﻟاو ﴩﻨﻠﻟ حﻼﻔﻟا راد :ﴍﺎﻨﻟا P.O. Box 818 818 ب .ص Swaileh11910 11910 ﺢﻠﻳﻮﺻ Jordan ندرﻷا Tel & Fax 009626-5411547 ﻒﺗﺎﻫ009626-5411547 ﺲﻛﺎﻓو E-mail: books@daralfalah.com Website: www.daralfalah.com .ﻪﻨﻣ ءﺰﺟ يأ وأ بﺎﺘﻜﻟا،نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺐﺟﻮمﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﻊﻨُ ﴍﺎﻨﻠﻟ ﺔﻇﻮﻔﺤﻣ قﻮﻘﺤﻟا ﻊﻴﻤﺟ

Copyright: by the Publisher All rights are reserved. No part of this book may be translated, reproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopyandrecording, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 2009 Edition Publisher: DAR ALFALAH ﻊﻳزﻮﺘﻟاو ﴩﻨﻠﻟ حﻼﻔﻟا راد :ﴍﺎﻨﻟا P.O.Box 818 818 ب.ص Swaileh11910 11910 ﺢﻠﻳﻮﺻ Jordan ندرﻷا 009626-5411547 ﺲﻛﺎﻓو ﻒﺗﺎﻫ Tel & Fax 009626-5411547 E-mail: books@daralfalah.com Website: www.daralfalah.com (ندرﻻا) ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟا ﺔﺒﺘﻜﳌا ةﺮﺋاد ىﺪﻟ عاﺪﻳﻹا ﻢﻗر ٢٠٠٦/٨/ ٢٣٨٧ 421 Al-Khuli, Muhammad AliAn Introduction to Linguistics, Muhammad rd y Ali Alkhuli. 3 ed. Amman: Dar Alfalah, 2006. (210)P Deposit No.: 2387/8/2006. Descriptors: \English Language\ \Linguistics\\Education\ ندرﻻا ،نﻋ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟا ﺔﺒﺘﻜﳌا ةﺮﺋاد ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻟوﻻا ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺘﻟاو ﺔﺳﺮﻬﻔﻟا تﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑداﺪﻋاﻢﺗ ** ٢٠٠٦/٨/٣٠٥١ (ندرﻷا) ﴩﻨﻟاو تﺎﻋﻮﺒﻄﳌا ةﺮﺋاد ىﺪﻟ ﻞﺴﻠﺴﺘﳌا ةزﺎﺟﻹاﻢﻗر ISBN 9957 – 401 – 63 – 7 (ﻚﻣدر)

PREFACE This book is meantto be an introduction to the field of linguistics, and, therefore, it has come adequately brief. If detailed discussion had been aimed at, a whole book would have been needed to cover what is discussed in each single chapter. The first chapter deals with the nature of language, its main features, types, functions, generalities, peculiarities, and the various branches of theoretical and applied linguistics. The second chapter deals with phonetics; the third, phonemics; the fourth, morphology; the fifth, syntax; the sixth, semantics; the seventh, the origin of language and language families; the eighth, the social aspect of language; the ninth, writing; the tenth, language acquisition, which falls under the umbrella of psycholinguistics. At the end of every chapter, the author presents a group of direct questions, the answer to which are easily located in the text, and some indirect questions and exercises which require some research or independent thinking on the student’s part. The author wishes to thank Mr. Waleed Uthman for his help in proofreading the text. He also hopes that this book will be beneficial to university students majoring in linguistics and any readers interested in advancing their knowledge of linguistics. Dr. Muhammad Ali Alkhuli Amman, Jordan iii

CONTENTS PREFACE…………………………………………. …iii CHAPTER 1. NATURE OF LANGUAGE… 1 Types of Language …………………………… 2 Functions of Language ………………………..4 Levels of Language …………………………... 4 Hierarchy of Language ……………………….. 5 Knowing a Language ……………………….… 6 Dialects ………………………………………. . 8 Generativity of Language ……………………. . 10 Competence and Performance………………… 11 Generalities of Language……………………… 12 Peculiarities of language………………………. 12 Features of Language…………………………. 14 Linguistics……………………………………... 15 Questions and Exercises……………………….. 19 CHAPTER 2. PHONETICS…………………21 Human Speech System……………………….. 21 Classification of Speech Organs…………….... 25 Description of Speech Sounds………………… 26 Points of Articulation…………………………. 27 Manners of articulation……………………….. 27 Other Phonetic Features………………………. 28 Description of Vowels………………………... 30

Stages of Sound Articulation………………... 31 Segmental Phonemes……………………….. 31 Superasegmental Phonemes……………..….. 33 Stresses……………………………………… 34 Pitches ……………………………………… 34 Junctures…………………………………….. 35 Questions and Exercises………………….….. 36 CHAPTER 3. PHONEMICS……………….….. 39 Phonemicity Test……………………………. 40 Types of Phonemes………………………….. 40 Phonemic Relationships……………………... 41 Functional Load of the Phoneme……………. 41 Phoneme and Grapheme…………………..… 42 Symbols of Linguistics Levels…………….… 42 Distribution of Phonemes………………….… 42 Horizontal Concatenation……………………. 43 Vertical Contrast……………………………… 44 Frequency of Phonemes…………………...…. 44 Phonemic Clusters………………………….. . 45 Syllables……………………………………... 45 Phonetic Phenomena……………………….... 46 Questions and Exercises……………………... 49 CHAPTER 4. MORPHOLOGY………………… 55 Morpheme and Allomorph…………………….. 55 Morpheme and Syllable……………………….. 56 Free and Bound Morphemes………………….. 57 v

Affixes……………………………………….. 57 Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes…... 58 Grammatical Morpheme…………………….. 60 Continuous and Discontinuous Morphemes. .. 61 Number of Morphemes……………………… 61 Root and Stem……………………………..... 62 Content and Function Words………………… 62 Active and Passive Words………………...… 63 General and Special Words…………………. 64 Frequent and Rare Words…………………… 65 Types of the Word…………………………... 66 Rules of Word Structure……………………. 67 Distribution of the Morpheme…………….... 68 Morpho-phonemic Rules………………….… 69 Word Coinage…………………………….… 70 Questions and Exercises…………………….. 73 CHAPTER 5. SYNTAX………………………… 77 Branches of Syntax…………………………. 77 Types of Sentence Classification…………… 78 Psychological Classification………………... 78 Structural Classification……………………. 80 Initial Classification………………………… 81 Infinity of Language………………………... 81 Sentence Correctness……………………….. 82 Grammatical Flexibility…………………….. 83 Morphology-Syntax Relationship…………… 84

Horizontal Structure of the Sentence………….. 84 Horizontal Relationships and Expectations…… 85 Vertical Structure of the Sentence……………. 86 Infinity of the Sentence……………………….. 87 Syntactic Patterns……………………………. 88 Sentence and Utterance……………………….. 90 Hierarchy of the Sentence…………………….. 90 Meaning of the Sentence……………………... 92 Ambiguity of Meaning……………………….. 93 Syntactic Theories……………………………. 94 Traditional Theory…………………………… 94 IC Theory………………………………….…. 95 Tagmemic Theory…………………………… 96 Transformational Theory………………..…… 97 Questions and Exercises……………………… 99 CHAPTER 6. SEMANTICS………….…….…… 104 Triangle of Meaning…………….……….…… 104 Semantic Fields…………………..……….…. 106 Association…………………………..……… . 107 Semantic Features…………………..….…..… 108 Inter-Field Relationships……………..….….. . 108 Synonymy……………………………..…….... 109 Antonymy……………………………..…..….. 110 Inclusion………………………………....…… 112 Exclusion………………………………....….. . 112 Totality……………………………………...... 113

vii

Definition…………………………………….. 113 Relative Meaning………………………..…… 114 Literal and Figurative Meanings…………...… 115 Affective Meaning…………………………… 116 Homophones and Homographs………….…… 117 Meaning Expansion and Narrowing………...... 118 Analytical and synthetic Meanings………..….. 118 Lexical and Grammatical Meanings…….....…. 119 Meaning and Context……………………..….. 120 Meaning and External Factors………….....….. 121 Questions and Exercises…………………..…. 123 CHAPTER 7. LANGUAGE AND TIME…... 128 Origin of Language………………………..…. 128 Classification of Languages………………….. 129 Geographical classification………………..…. 130 Grammatical Classification………………….. 130 Genetic Classification…………………….….. 132 Phonetic Change……………………………... 135 Grammatical Change………………………….. 135 Lexical Change…………………………….….. 136 Semantic Change……………………………… 137 Questions and Exercises………………………. 139 CHAPTER 8. LANGUAGE AND COMMUNITY….142 Geographical Dialects………………………… 142 Social Dialects………………………………… 143 Individual Dialects…………………………….. 144

viii

Racial Dialects………………………………... 144 Professional Dialects…………………………. 145 Age Dialects……………………………..…… 145 Sex Dialects………………………………..…. 145 Temporal Dialects……………………….…… 146 Rural and Urban Dialects…………………..… 146 Colloquial and Standard Dialects……………. 146 Inter-dialectal Differences…………………..... 147 Language Taboos…………………………….. 148 Language Types ……………………………... 148 Conversers’ Roles…………………...………… 151 Language Interference…………………………. 151 Bilingualism and Community……………….… 152 Bilingualism and Distribution………………… 153 Societal Bilingualism………………………..… 153 Language Selection……………………….….. 154 Language Switch……………………………… 155 Questions and Exercises…………………….… 157 CHAPTER 9. WRITING….………………….… 160 Development of Writing…………………..… 160 Direction of Writing……………………..….. 161 Types of Writing……………………………. 161 Phonemic-Graphemic Differences………….. 163 Consonantal Writing………………………... 164 Pronunciation Rules………………………… 164 Spelling Rules………………………………. 167

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