The Death of Character , livre ebook

THE DEATH OF CHARACTER
DRAMA AND PERFORMANCE STUDIES
Timothy Wiles, general editor
Nora M. Alter. Vietnam Protest Theatre: Staging the Television War . Johannes Birringer. Theatre, Theory, Postmodernism . Katherine H. Burkman and John L. Kundert-Gibbs, editors. Pinter at Sixty . Ejner J. Jensen. Shakespeare and the Ends of Comedy . Jeffrey D. Mason. Melodrama and the Myth of America . Eug ne van Erven. The Playful Revolution: Theatre and Liberation in Asia .
THE DEATH OF CHARACTER
Perspectives on Theater after Modernism
Elinor Fuchs
1996 by Elinor Fuchs
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition.
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.
Manufactured in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fuchs, Elinor. The death of character : perspectives on theater after modernism / Elinor Fuchs. p. cm. - (Drama and performance studies) Includes index. ISBN 0-253-33038-6 (cl : alk. paper). - ISBN 978-0-253-21008-1 (pa : alk. paper) 1. Experimental theater. 2. Theater-United States-Reviews. 3. Experimental drama-History and criticism. I. Title. II. Series. PN2193.E86F83 1996
792 .022-dc20
95-22915
2 3 4 5 01 00 99 98 97
To the memory of my daring mother Lillian Ruth Kessler 1908-1993
and of Reza Abdoh, theatrical visionary 1963-1995
Contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction
PART I Modern after Modernism
1 The Rise and Fall of the Character Named Character
2 Pattern over Character: The Modern Mysterium
3 Counter-Stagings: Ibsen against the Grain
PART II Theater after Modernism
4 Signaling through the Signs
5 Another Version of Pastoral
6 When Bad Girls Play Good Theaters
7 Theater as Shopping
8 Postmodernism and the Scene of Theater
R EVIEWS AND A RTICLES 1979-1993 Reports from an Emerging Culture
1979 Des McAnuff s Leave It to Beaver Is Dead
1979 Richard Schechner s The Balcony
1982 Andrei Serban s The Marriage of Figaro
1983 The Death of Character
1985 Peter Sellars s The Count of Monte Cristo
1986 Robert Wilson s Alcestis
1988 Elizabeth LeCompte and the Wooster Group s The Road to Immortality (Part Three): Frank Dell s The Temptation of Saint Antony
1989 JoAnne Akalaitis s Cymbeline
1993 On the AIDS Quilt: The Performance of Mourning
Notes
Index
Acknowledgments
I AM BEHOLDEN to many generous friends, colleagues, and institutions. I thank the Rockefeller Foundation and the Bunting Institute of Radcliffe College for their support and encouragement at an early stage of this project. As drafts of chapters emerged, I have benefited from the readings and comments of Gayle Austin of Georgia State University, Ava Baron and Richard Butsch of Ryder College, Alice Benston, Michael Evenden and James W. Flannery of Emory University, Kathleen Hulley of New York University, James Leverett of the Yale School of Drama, Nina da Vinci Nichols of Rutgers, and Rebecca Schneider in her capacity as editor of TDR . I am grateful also to editors Erika Munk, then of the Village Voice , and James O Quinn of American Theatre , whose contributions both substantive and stylistic are reflected in the articles and reviews section of the book, and to Erika s attention to two draft chapters that appeared under her later editorship of Theater . I am indebted as well to Rolf Fjelde for our many happy discussions about Ibsen bibliography, and to Herbert Blau for early guidance and valuable advice.
I have learned much from discussions with artists. Elizabeth LeCompte, Richard Foreman, Ruth Maleczech, and Robert Wilson have illuminated my thinking even where interviews with them are not formally reflected in the text. Once-mentors and now collegial friends at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York have given generously of their time and knowledge: Daniel C. Gerould, whose understanding of symbolism and successive avant-gardes lies at the root of all my work; Harry Carlson, whose interest in Strindberg deeply informs my own; and Albert Bermel and Marvin Carlson, whose encouragement has meant much to me. My gratitude also to Diane White, producer of the works of Reza Abdoh, for opening her photo archive to me, and to students, long since gone on to other things, who provided research assistance over the years: Ernest Kerns at Harvard; Peter Collins, Daniel Damkoelher, and Wayne Heller at Columbia; and Steven Frank and the indefatigable Melissa Leonard at New York University. I am also grateful to Karla Oeff for her careful reading of the manuscript.
Finally, I thank my two daughters, Claire Oakes Finkelstein and Katherine Eban Finkelstein, college students at the beginning of this project, and now admirable professional women, for their loving support. I thank Dr. John Ryan for his steadiness and affirmation through much of this writing. Above all, I thank David Cole and Susan Letzler Cole, whose passion for ideas often summoned my own into existence. Their steadfast interest and confidence beckoned this book through many stations to completion.
Several chapters have appeared in earlier versions in Annals of Scholarship, Theater Three, Modern Drama, Performing Arts Journal, Theater , and TDR . Draft chapters appear in Sacred Theater , edited by Bettina Knapp and Daniel Gerould, and in Signs of Change: Premodern-Modern-Postmodern , edited by Stephen Barker. Permission has been granted by American Theatre and the Village Voice to reprint articles that originally appeared in their pages.
THE DEATH OF CHARACTER
Introduction
M Y THINKING ON theater after modernism originated in the practical context of seeing new work in the theater and writing accounts of it for weekly newspapers in New York City. It clarified as I began to teach students of theater, and deepened as I read theory. But its abiding approach has been that of a theater critic in search of language in which to describe new forms, forms that have appeared both in actual theaters and in the theatricalized surround of our contemporary public life and discourse.
Its precise beginning came with an experience in the theater in 1979. I was assigned to review a play being presented in a workshop production at the Public Theater. This was Leave It to Beaver Is Dead , of interest because the same 26-year-old artist had written and directed it, composed the music, and was performing in the band that appeared in-or instead of-the third act. It was considered a difficult work, and the producer Joseph Papp was sending it up to the press as a trial balloon. If it flew, a full production might follow. The New York Times effectively killed it the next day. My excited review some days later in the Soho News came too late to help. The unknowability of the characters, the strangely synthetic language, the truncated structure, the abrupt shift from play to rock concert, and most of all the frightening relativism of the work s projected universe, seemed almost to suggest the outlines of a new culture or a new way of being. The new culture was suggested in the layers of the title, which, in the logic of a world twice-removed, stages real mourning for a false image. My evening in this neorealist world without external referent left me in a prolonged uneasiness, as if my basic ontological security had suddenly become a false memory or the latest disposable product. I had fallen into the mental swoon of postmodernism.
For this vertiginous new perspective, at once artistic and broadly cultural, I lacked at the time a name, much less an adequate vocabulary and grammar. The older categories of fantastic, theatricalist, and the absurd, whose effects realism underwrites through contrast, had little explanatory power. However, browsing in a bookstore the day after seeing this production, I stumbled upon the Schizo-Culture issue of the journal Semiotexte . Presently I discovered the(then, to me) fiercely difficult October . In this way I began to familiarize m yself with a set of related ideas derived from the world of French critical, psychoanalytic, and feminist theory: Lacan s insight into the symbolic construction of subjectivity, Foucault s announcement of the end of man, Derrida s attack on the metaphysics of Presence, Roland Barthes s death of the Author, Baudrillard s shattering precession of the simulacra, Deleuze and Guatarri s schizoanalysis, Lyotard s collapse of the grands r cits of modernism, and the exposures by Cixous, Irigaray, and Kristeva of masculinist philosophical and psychoanalytic constructions, often in the foregoing theoreticians themselves. This poststructuralist theory, in the aggregate, was the chief articulator of the crisis of representation, by which one field after another, not only literature but law, sociology, anthropology, history, was sent reeling in the past twenty years. At the point at which I began to discover these theoretical discourses they were also providing an intellectual framework for the artistic and cultural phenomena that, especially in the United States, were coming to be understood under the heading of postmodernism.
The mental swoon of postmodernism. It is useful to recall the generally shared sense, circa 1980, by those who suddenly got it, that Western culture, led by American culture, was moving int