Plant Biotechnology and Genetics , livre ebook

Plant Biotechnology and Genetics
 
Jayson Dibbert

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Plant Biotechnology
and
Genetics

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Plant Biotechnology
and
Genetics
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Jayson Dibbert
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
White Press Academic

 
M i n d s , M o t i v a t e d !

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Plant Biotechnology and Genetics
 
 
by Jayson Dibbert
 
www.whitepressacademics.com
 
 
 
© 2019 White Press Academic
 
 
 
All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced in any form without
 
permission from the publisher, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law. For
 
permissions contact:
 
info@whitepressacademics.com
 
Price: $250
 
Ebook ISBN: 978-1-68469-393-1
 
 
 
 
 
 
Published by:
 
600 S MAESTRI PL., #30460
 
NEW ORLEANS, LA, US, 70130
 
Website: www.whitepressacademics.com

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PREFACE
 
The aim of this book is to give an introduction to the essential principles of genetics and cytology ; and an account of recent result in relation to horticulture.
 
The cytologist studying the life-history of the cell and the intricate processes of germ-cell formation, and the geneticist who is concerned with the consequences of these processes, have in recent years elucidated a numbers of problems which directly concern the horticulturist. To those engaged in the breeding and raising of productive forms of commercial value, the chromosomes, the principal vehicles of heredity, are of first importance. A knowledge of chromosome number and relationships therefore can be of great assistance when considering the practical possibilities of obtaining improvement through the intercrossing of distinct forms.
 
 
The science of genetics has a wide horticultural application; it is of value to the plant-breeder, seedsman and gardener in providing a detailed knowledge of variation and heredity, and guidance in the maintenance of purity in their stocks. Genetics may also be of value to the nurseryman whose business lies in the vegetative reproduction of plants. Many of them are of a peculiar chimerical constitution, and their behaviour both in sexual and asexual reproduction is of practical importance. Again, since effective pollination is a first essential for the formation of fruit, to obtain the best result the fruit grower must interplant varieties which are
mutually compatible.   .
 
Our knowledge of the genetics of polyploids has been largely developed from investigation with horticultural plants, hence the genetics of garden plants is of direct interest to the student of genetics as well as of use to the plant-breeder and horticulturist.
 
The literature reporting the results of genetic and cytological investigation is very considerable and often difficult of access,

 
 
 
 
 
viii
 
and friends and correspondents have often expressed to us the need for a book which will bring together recent results and provide an account of modem genetics in relation to orchard and garden plants. Our plan, therefore, has been to describe principles as simply as the technicalities of our subject will allow, illustrating them with typical examples from a range of flowers, fruits and vegetables, and to give references to the original sources of information which may be of interest to the specialist or student. The book will, we hope, serve as an introduction to the science of genetics, and particularly in its application to horticulture.
 
We are indebted to many friends, and particularly to our colleagues for much valuable information and helpful criticism. We are also indebted to the authors and publishers for their kindness in allowing us to reproduce the illustrations.
 
-Author

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
LIST   OF ILLUSTRATIONS
 
IPIo.
  Scheme for Inheritance of Hairy and Glabrous Fruits in Prunu« perBica
 
2.    Foliar Glands of Peaches
 
3.     Diagram illustrating p, 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 Ratio in Peaches
 
4.    Diagram illustrating a 9: 7 Ratio in Sweet Peas (Complementary
Genes)   .   .   .   .   .   .   •   ,
 
5.   Diagram illustrating a 9 : 3 : 4 Ratio in Raapberries (Interaction
·of Genes).   .   .   .   •   •   .   .
 
6.     Flower Colour Patterns in Primula sinenBiB (Multiple Allelo-morphs)
 
7.    Mito.sis:   ~~otograph of a Section through a Root Tip of Orepi«
d~08corid~8.   •   •   •   •   •   •   - .
 
8.    Chromosome Complements of some Cultivated Plants
 
9.    Diagram of Mitosis
 
10.    Pollen Grains of Kniphojia corallina, Leucojumc autivum and Hyacinth
 
11.    Drawing of Prophase Chromosomes in Lilium pardalinum and Fritillaria lanceolata
 
12.. Diagram of Meiosis
 
13.    Diagram illustrating the Cytological Basis or Linkage
 
14.    Map of the chromosomes of Maize    .
 
15.    Diagram illustrating Types of Chromosome Rearrangement
 
16.    Chromosome Rings in Oarnpanula perBicifolia
 
17.    Chromosome Complements of Diploid and Polyploid Rubi
 
18.    Diagram of Chromosomo Constitution of Auto- and Allo- Tetraploids .
 
19.    Chromosomes of Apple and Dahlia showing Secondary Association
 
20.    Map of the chromosomes of Lathyrus odoratue
 
21.    Diagram illustrating the Inheritance of Double Flowers in the Garden Stock
 
22.     Oampanula peraicifolia, Diploid and Tetraploid Forms
 
23.     Diagram illustrating the chemical structure of   the basic antho-
cyanins   .
 
24.    Diagram illustrating the methylation of anthocyanidins leading to a decrease in blueness of flower colour
 
25.     Diagram illustrating the chemical structure of flavones and flavonols

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PA-OK
 
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x;
FIG.   PAGE

 
26.     Diagram illustrating the chemical structure of tho anthocyanins of Vcrben(t
 
27.     Diagram illustrating the chemical structure of the anthocyanins of Streptocarpus
 
28.     Diagram illustrating the   Origin and Constitution of   tho Garden

 
76
 
79
 

 
Dahlia
86
29.
F 1    Generation   from   Single-crossed   Double   Flowers   in   Dahlia
 
 
uariabilie
87
30.
Map of the Chromosomes of the Tomato
92
31.
Diagram illustrating the Production of Tetraploid Tomatoes
093
32.
Figure illustrating the Inheritance of Root Shape in Radishes
102
33.   Chromosomes   of   tho   Potato,   Solanum   tuberosum,   illustrating
 
 
Secondary Association
115
34.
Heterosis in Maize
123
 
35.     Branches    of    Peach    Trees,    illustrating   Correlation    between Physiological    and    Morphological    Characters,    i.e.    Foliar
Glands and Resistance to Mildew
128
 
36.     Raspberries:    illustrating   Correlation   between   Leaf-shape   and
 
Sex
 
129
 
37.
Graph illustrating Inheritance of Fruit Size in Plums
 
149
 
38.
Graph illustrating Inheritance of Fruit Shape in Plums   ..
 
151
 
39.
Graphs illustrating Inheritance of Fruit Size in Apples
 
155
 
40.
Graphs illustrating Inheritance of Fruit Shape in Apples
 
157
 
41.   Chromosome    Complements    of    "Diploid"    and    "Triploid"
 
 
 
Apples
 
161
 
42.   Three-year-old   Seedling   Apples    from    Diploid   and   Triploid
 
 
 
Parents
 
163
 
43.
Diagr~ln illustrating Cross-section of Grafted Stock
•
0169
 
44.
Diagrams illustrating different Types of Chimaeras
 
169
 
45.
Periclinal Solanum Chimaera produced from Grafting
 
170
 
46.   Crataequs   monogyna,   M espilu»   germanica   and   the   Perielinal
171
 
 
Graft-chimaera Orataeqomeepilue Aanieresii
 
 
47.
Diploid and tetraploid fruits of the pear variety Fertility
 
176
 
 
48.     Potato Golden Wonder;   illustrating its chimerical constitution.     177
 
49.     Diagram   illustrating   Pollen-tube   Growth   in   Compatible   and
Incompatible Pollinations
185
50.   Cherry Variety Early Rivers, Group I, illustrating the Results of
 
Compatible and Self- and Cross-incompatible Pollinations
186
51.   Cherry   Variety   Bigarreau   Napoleon,    Group   II,   illustrating
 
Compatible and Incompatible Pollinations
187
 
52.     Plum   Variety   Coe's Violet,   illustrating Compabible   and   Incom-patible   Pollinations,   and   the   Primary   Development   of   the
Fruits
196
53.   Plum   Variety   Coe's   Violet,   illustrating   the   Final   Results   of
 
Compatible and Incompatible Pollinations
197

 
 
 
 
 
 
.xi

 
FIG.

 
P.\GB
 

54.   Phun Variety Victoria, illustrating Solf-compatibility

198
 

55.    Rubus   Hybrids.    Triploid   and   Tetraploid   Forms   illustrating
 
Sterility and Fertility
211
56.
Graphs illustrating Inter-specific Fertility in Cherries
221
57.
Leaves of Rubus idaeus, RubU8 rusticanue and Veitchberry
234
58.
Chromosomes of Rubus Species and Hybrids
238
59.
Rubus Hybrids, Sterile and Fertile Fqrms   .
239
 
60.    Rubus   rusticanus   inermis,   illustrating   Diploid   and   Tetraploid
Forms
.
243
61.   Rubus Merton Thornless
245
62.   Apple   Seedlings   illustrating   Susceptibility   and   Immunity   to
 
\Voolly Aphis (Erio8oma l