Mother of Invention , livre ebook

Copyright 2021 Katrine Mar al
Translation copyright 2021 Alex Fleming
Cover 2021 Abrams
Published in 2021 by Abrams Press, an imprint of ABRAMS. All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2021934855
ISBN: 978-1-4197-5804-1
eISBN: 978-1-64700-479-8
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To Guy
CONTENTS
Inventions
1. In which we invent the wheel and, after 5,000 years, manage to attach it to a suitcase
2. In which we start the car without breaking our jaw
Technology
3. In which bras and girdles take us to the moon
4. In which we learn the difference between horsepower and girl power
Femininity
5. In which a great invention is made in V ster s, and we go on a whale hunt
6. In which influencers get richer than hackers
Body
7. In which the black swan turns out to have a body
8. In which Serena Williams beats Garry Kasparov
Future
9. In which we forget to ask about Mary
10. In which we decide not to burn the world at the stake
Acknowledgments
Notes
Bibliography
INVENTIONS
1
IN WHICH WE INVENT THE WHEEL AND, AFTER 5,000 YEARS, MANAGE TO ATTACH IT TO A SUITCASE
Bernard Sadow was a Massachusetts family man employed in the luggage industry-someone paid to sit at his desk day in day out, and think about the business of suitcases. In his forties, he was now vice president at US Luggage, and not bad at his job.
It was 1970, and Sadow was on his way back home after a relaxing holiday with his wife and children to Aruba. This Dutch island in the Caribbean was regularly visited by American tourists searching for a warmer climate to spend their dollars in during the winter months.
Sadow stepped out of the car outside the small airport and grabbed hold of his family s suitcases. A two-foot suitcase could hold around fifty-three gallons of luggage and weigh up to fifty-five pounds, so with one in each hand he could just about balance the weight and waddle his way over to check-in.
This was back in the day when it was possible to show up at the terminal twenty minutes before takeoff. The thirty-odd hijackings that took place in the United States each year hadn t yet led to the introduction of metal detectors, or staff hired to prevent you from boarding the plane with a gun in your back pocket.
By contrast, the problem that Sadow faced on this homeward journey was one that many of the world s major airports had appointed dedicated task forces to solve. Passengers would get sweaty and irritated at having to lug their suitcases in and out of departure lounges and through ever-expanding terminals.
But there was help at hand: For a small fee, porters would take care of your bags, the only alternative being a complex network of baggage carts. Porters, however, were far from ubiquitous, and in order to access the cart system, you first had to find it, so Sadow did what most people tended to do: He picked up his family s suitcases and started to carry them.
But why?
That was the question Sadow would come to ask himself that day, and it would change his industry forever.
While queuing at customs, Sadow noticed a man who presumably worked at the airport. He was moving a heavy machine on a wheeled pallet. As the man quickly maneuvered around him, the businessman spotted the four wheels rolling across the airport floor. Sadow looked down at his own hands, white-knuckled from their grip on the suitcases, and suddenly said to his wife, I know what luggage needs: wheels!
When he got home to Massachusetts, he unscrewed four castors from a wardrobe and fixed them to a suitcase. Then he put a strap on his contraption and trotted it gleefully around the house. This was the future. And he had invented it.
All of this happened barely one year after NASA had launched three astronauts into space in the biggest rocket ever built. With nearly a million gallons of kerosene, liquid oxygen, and liquid hydrogen as fuel, Apollo 11 had blasted itself free of Earth s gravitational pull. Hurtling through space at a speed of 20,000 miles per hour, the astronauts had entered the weaker orbit of the moon, cruised through the windless darkness, and taken humankind s first steps on a powdery moondust that smelled of used fireworks.
Yet when Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins returned to earth, they picked up their suitcases by their handles, carrying their luggage as it had been carried since the birth of the modern suitcase in the mid-nineteenth century. The question, then, is not why it occurred to Bernard Sadow that suitcases should have wheels. The question is: Why had it never occurred to us before?
The wheel is considered one of humanity s most fundamental inventions. Without the wheel there are no carts, no cars or trains, no waterwheels for water power, and no potter s wheels on which to make jugs to carry said water in. Without the wheel we have no cogwheels, jet engines or centrifuges, pushchairs, bicycles or conveyor belts.
But before the wheel there was the circle.
The world s first circle was probably drawn in the sand with a stick. Perhaps someone might have seen the moon, or the sun, and decided to replicate its shape. Cut the stalk from a flower and you have a circle. Chop a tree and you re met by its annual rings. Throw a stone into a lake and you see its ripples expand on the water. The circle is a shape that comes up time and again in nature-from cells to bacteria, pupils to celestial bodies. And outside of every circle you can always draw another. This, in itself, is the primary mystery of space.
For the human body, however, the circle is not natural. Your dental hygienist tells you to brush your teeth in small circular motions, but you don t: You scrub them back and forth. The human arm prefers straight lines. This is because of the way our muscles are positioned, and the system of tendons and muscular attachments that connects them to our bones. No part of the human body can rotate 360 degrees: not your wrist, nor your ankle, nor your arm. We invented the wheel to accomplish that which our physical form cannot.
Historians long considered the world s first wheel to have been made in Mesopotamia. It was a round potter s wheel, which is to say it was not used for transport. But today some scholars believe that miners were carting copper ores through tunnels in the Carpathian Mountains long before the Mesopotamians started throwing pots on circular discs. The world s oldest wheel still in existence is five thousand years old. It was unearthed in Slovenia, about twelve miles south of Ljubljana. In other words, the technology that Bernard Sadow realized he could apply to his suitcase problem was at least five millennia old.
The patent for his invention came two years later, in 1972. In his application, he wrote, The luggage actually glides . . . any person, regardless of size, strength, or age, can easily pull the luggage along without effort or strain.
Similar patents for suitcases on wheels did in fact already exist, but Bernard Sadow wasn t aware of this when the idea first occurred to him. He was the first person to turn the idea into a commercially successful product, and is therefore considered the father of the wheeled suitcase; but why it took a whole five thousand years to reach this point is more difficult to explain.
The wheeled suitcase has become an archetypal example of how innovation can be a very slow-footed thing. The blindingly obvious can stare us expectantly in the face for an eternity before it actually occurs to us to make something of it.
Robert Shiller, a winner of the Nobel Prize for Economics, has suggested that many inventions take time to catch on precisely because a good idea alone won t cut it. Society at large must also recognize the usefulness of the idea. The market doesn t always know what s best for itself, and in this particular case, people just didn t see the point of wheels on suitcases. Sadow presented his product to buyers from almost all of the United States major department stores, and initially all of them rejected it.
It wasn t that they thought the idea of a suitcase on wheels was a bad one. They just didn t think anyone would want to buy the product. A suitcase was for carrying, not for trailing around on wheels.
Everybody I took it to threw me out, he would later recount. They thought I was crazy.
Eventually the new product came to the attention of Jerry Levy, vice president at department-store chain Macy s. He towed it around in his office, then called in the buyer who had originally rejected it and gave him the order to buy it. This proved a wise move. Soon Macy s was marketing the new suitcase using the very wording from Sadow s patent application: The Luggage That Glides. And nowadays it is of course impossible to imagine a world in which suitcases on wheels are anything but standard.
Robert Shiller argues that this is easy to say in hindsight. He notes that inventor John Allan May had in fact attempted to sell a suitcase on wheels some four decades before Sadow. May had noticed that over the course of human history, humanity had put wheels on increasingly diverse objects: cannons, carts, wheelbarrows-essentially anything that could be classed as heavy. A suitcase on wheels was just a natural continuation of that logic. Why not make full use of the wheel? he asked, when he presented his idea to more than one hun