High Energy Physics , livre ebook

High Energy Physics

.

 
High Energy Physics

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Glenn Cunningham
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
w ww. e d t e c h p r e s s . co . u k

 
 
 
 
 
www.edtechpress.co.uk
 
Published by ED-Tech Press,
54 Sun Street, Waltham Abbey Essex,
United Kingdom, EN9 1EJ
 
 
 
   2019 by ED-Tech Press
 
Reprinted 2020
 
 
 
 
High Energy Physics
Glenn Cunningham
 
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-83947-385-2
 
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preface   xv
 
 
Chapter 1   Quarks .............................................. 1
 
Classification ......................................... 2
 
History ............................................... 3
 
Etymology ............................................ 5
 
Properties ............................................ 6
 
Electric Charge ........................................ 6
 
Spin ................................................. 6
 
Weak Interaction   6
 
Strong Interaction and Colour Charge .................... 8
 
Mass ................................................ 8
 
Table of Properties .................................... 9
 
Interacting Quarks .................................... 10
 
Sea Quarks .......................................... 10
 
Other Phases of Quark Matter ........................... 11
 
Charm Quark ......................................... 11
 
Hadrons Containing Charm Quarks ...................... 12
 
Strange Quark ........................................ 12
 
History .............................................. 13
 
Top Quark ........................................... 13
 
History .............................................. 14
 
Properties ........................................... 15
 
Production .......................................... 15
 
Decay ............................................... 18

vi
 
 
Mass and Coupling to the Higgs Boson .................. 18
 
Bottom Quark ........................................ 20
 
Name and History ..................................... 20
 
Distinct Character .................................... 20
 
Hadrons Containing Bottom Quarks ..................... 20
 
Up Quark ............................................ 21
 
History .............................................. 21
 
Mass ................................................ 22
 
Down Quark ......................................... 22
 
History .............................................. 22
 
Mass ................................................ 23
 
Chapter 2   Leptons ............................................. 24
 
History .............................................. 25
 
Properties ........................................... 26
 
Spin and Chirality ..................................... 26
 
Electromagnetic Interaction ............................ 27
 
Weak Interaction ...................................... 28
 
Mass ................................................ 28
 
Leptonic Numbers .................................... 28
 
Universality .......................................... 29
 
Electron ............................................. 30
 
History .............................................. 31
 
Characteristics ....................................... 36
 
Formation ........................................... 44
 
Observation ......................................... 45
 
Plasma Applications .................................. 46
 
Positron ............................................. 48
 
History .............................................. 48
 
Natural Production .................................... 50
 
Artificial Production ................................... 52
 
Applications ......................................... 52
 
Muon ............................................... 52
 
History .............................................. 53
 
Muon Sources ........................................ 54
 
Muon Decay ......................................... 55
 
Muonic Atoms ........................................ 58
 
Use in Measurement of the Proton Charge Radius   58
 
Anomalous Magnetic Dipole Moment .................... 59
 
Muon Radiography and Tomography .................... 60
 
Tau (Particle) ......................................... 60
 
History .............................................. 61

vii
 
 
Tau Decay ........................................... 62
 
Exotic Atoms ........................................ 62
 
Electron Neutrino ..................................... 62
 
Proposal ............................................ 62
 
Discovery ........................................... 64
 
Name ............................................... 64
 
Electron Antineutrino ................................. 64
 
Neutrino ............................................. 64
 
History .............................................. 65
 
Properties and Reactions .............................. 68
 
Research ............................................ 71
 
Sources ............................................. 76
 
Detection ............................................ 81
 
Motivation for Scientific Interest ........................ 82
 
Muon Neutrino ....................................... 83
 
Discovery ........................................... 83
 
Speed ............................................... 83
 
Tau Neutrino ......................................... 83
 
Discovery ........................................... 84
 
Chapter 3   Interactions and Fields ............................... 85
 
Interaction ........................................... 85
 
History .............................................. 86
 
Overview of the Fundamental Interactions ................ 88
 
The Interactions ...................................... 89
 
Aspects of Interaction ................................. 94
 
Field ............................................... 105
 
History ............................................. 106
 
Classical Fields ...................................... 107
 
Quantum Fields ..................................... 108
 
Field Theory ........................................ 109
 
Chapter 4   Invariance Principles and Conservation Laws .......... 112
 
Invariant (Physics) ................................... 112
 
Examples ........................................... 112
 
Importance ......................................... 113
 
Conservation Law .................................... 113
 
Conservation Laws as Fundamental Laws of Nature   113
 
Exact Laws ......................................... 114
 
Approximate Laws ................................... 115
 
Global and Local Conservation Laws ................... 115
 
Differential Forms .................................... 116

viii
 
 
Integral and Weak Forms .............................. 118
 
B-L ................................................ 118
 
Details ............................................. 118
 
Baryon Number ...................................... 119
 
Baryon Number vs. Quark Number ..................... 119
 
Particles Not Formed of Quarks ........................ 119
 
Conservation ........................................ 120
 
BKS Theory ......................................... 120
 
Origins ............................................. 120
 
Development with Bohr and Kramers ................... 121
 
Experimental Counter-evidence ........................ 122
 
Carter Constant ..................................... 123
 
Formulation ......................................... 123
 
Charge Conservation ................................. 123
 
Experimental Evidence ..............................