Commentary on Luke , livre ebook

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© 2012 by Baker Publishing Group
Published by Baker Books
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Ebook short created 2019
Previously published in The Baker Illustrated Bible Commentary edited by Gary M. Burge and Andrew E. Hill in 2012
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ISBN 978-1-4934-2465-8
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Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Abbreviations
Introduction
Commentary

1. Prologue: A Reliable Account of Salvation History (1:1–4)
2. Preparation for Jesus’s Ministry (1:5–4:13)
A. Two Births Predicted (1:5–56)
B. Two Sons Born (1:57–2:52)
C. The Baptist’s Ministry: Preparation for the Lord (3:1–20)
D. Jesus: Endowed by the Spirit for Ministry (3:21–4:13)
3. Jesus Proclaims Salvation in Galilee by the Power of the Spirit (4:14–9:50)
A. Proclamation of Good News in Galilee (4:14–5:16)
B. Conflict with the Pharisees (5:17–6:11)
C. Good News for the Poor (6:12–8:3)
D. Revelation and Obedience (8:4–21)
E. The Revelation of Jesus’s Identity (8:22–9:50)
4. Galilee to Jerusalem: Discipleship (9:51–19:27)
A. The Journey Begins (9:51–13:21)
B. The Journey Continues (13:22–17:10)
C. The Last Leg of the Journey (17:11–19:27)
5. Arrival at Destiny: Death and Resurrection in Jerusalem (19:28–24:53)
A. Entrance into Jerusalem (19:28–48)
B. Controversy between Jesus and Leaders Heightens (20:1–21:4)
C. Apocalyptic Discourse (21:5–38)
D. Passover Events (22:1–38)
E. Arrest and Trial (22:39–23:25)
F. Crucifixion and Burial (23:26–56a)
G. Resurrection: Scripture Fulfilled (23:56b–24:53)
Time Lines
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Abbreviations ANET Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament . Edited by J. B. Pritchard. 3rd ed. Princeton, 1969 BDAG Bauer, W., F. W. Danker, W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3rd ed. Chicago, 1999 ca. circa (about, approximately) cf. compare chap(s). chapter(s) COS The Context of Scripture . Edited by W. W. Hallo. 3 vols. Leiden, 1997– e.g. for example ESV English Standard Version HALOT Koehler, L., W. Baumgartner, and J. J. Stamm. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Translated and edited under the supervision of M. E. J. Richardson. 5 vols. Leiden, 1994–2000 HCSB Holman Christian Standard Bible i.e. that is KJV King James Version NASB New American Standard Bible NEB New English Bible NET New English Translation NIV New International Version (2011 edition) NIV 1984 New International Version (1984 edition) NJB New Jerusalem Bible NJPS The Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures: The New JPS Translation according to the Traditional Hebrew Text NKJV New King James Version NLT New Living Translation NRSV New Revised Standard Version RSV Revised Standard Version TDOT Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament . Edited by G. J. Botterweck and H. Ringgren. Translated by J. T. Willis, G. W. Bromiley, and D. E. Green. 8 vols. Grand Rapids, 1974– TNIV Today’s New International Version
Luke
Thomas R. Schreiner
Introduction
Authorship
Nowhere does the Gospel of Luke reveal its author’s identity. To ascertain the author, therefore, one should first of all examine the Gospel’s internal evidence to find clues about its authorship. Unfortunately, the Gospel does not supply the reader with much information. We do learn, however, that the author was not an eyewitness (Luke 1:2), and thus anyone who observed Jesus in his public ministry can be eliminated. Furthermore, the writer of Luke clearly was intelligent and well educated, for he displays an ability to write in excellent Greek and is well acquainted with the Old Testament.
Also, scholars almost universally agree that the author of the Gospel of Luke is the same person as the author of the Acts of the Apostles for the following reasons: (1) Both books are dedicated to the same person—Theophilus (Luke 1:3; Acts 1:1). (2) The author refers to “my former book,” and says that the “former book” contains “all that Jesus began to do and to teach” (Acts 1:1). This former book is most naturally the Gospel of Luke. (3) Last, many of the themes with which Luke ends his Gospel (24:36–53) are picked up again in Acts 1:1–11, which suggests that the same author is continuing his former work, briefly tying together the two works so that the reader of Acts can pick up where the Gospel left off.

Clearly, then, the same author wrote both Luke and Acts. But Acts, unfortunately, is also anonymous. Are there any hints in Acts about the identity of the author? The chief clue is found in the “we sections” of Acts (Acts 16:10–17; 20:5–15; 21:1–18; 27:1–28:16). The careful reader notices that the author speaks of Paul and his companions as “they” (e.g., Acts 16:7–8), and then he suddenly starts using the first-person plural “we” (Acts 16:10–13, 16), probably because he is now participating in the Pauline mission. Indeed, in these sections he may be referring to a diary he kept of these events. By comparing these “we sections” with the rest of the book, the reader can begin to eliminate certain names from authorship (cf. Acts 20:4). Although other solutions are possible (e.g., that the author was Titus), it is most likely that the author of the Gospel was Paul’s traveling companion—the physician Luke.
Luke is mentioned three times in Paul’s letters. In Colossians 4:14 he is called “our dear friend Luke, the doctor.” In Philemon 24 he is mentioned as one of Paul’s fellow workers. In 2 Timothy 4:11 Paul says that “only Luke is with me.” This reference to Luke’s loyalty is especially poignant because the context of 2 Timothy 4 reveals that Paul is about to be executed by the Romans, and many of Paul’s companions abandoned him in such a perilous situation. If Philemon and Colossians were written by Paul from Rome (and this theory is still the most probable), then the references to Luke in these letters fit with Acts 27:1–28:16, where the author of Acts accompanies Paul to Rome.
W. K. Hobart argued that Lukan authorship was supported by Luke’s precise use of medical terminology, showing that the author was a physician (Col. 4:14). But H. J. Cadbury carefully tested Hobart’s thesis and demonstrated that Luke’s alleged medical terminology is often found in Greek writers who were not physicians; therefore, one should not claim that the language used in Luke-Acts clearly indicates that a physician wrote it. Cadbury’s study, however, does not preclude Lukan authorship; it simply shows that one cannot argue for Lukan authorship from medical terminology. Colossians 4:14 also implies that Luke was a Gentile and not a Jew. In Colossians 4:10–11 Paul names Aristarchus, Mark, and Jesus Justus and says that they are his only companions of the circumcision, meaning presumably that they are his only Jewish companions. Then in Colossians 4:12–14 Paul names Epaphras, Luke, and Demas and says that they send their greetings. If the three listed in Colossians 4:10–11 are the only Jews with Paul, then the obvious conclusion is that Luke was a Gentile.

An icon of Luke from a larger piece entitled Christ and Twelve Apostles (Antalya, Turkey, nineteenth century AD) [ Copyright © Baker Photo Archive. Courtesy of the Antalya Museum, Turkey. ]
Even though the internal evidence may point to Lukan authorship, decisive ev