Postgenomics , livre ebook
305
pages
English
Ebooks
2015
Obtenez un accès à la bibliothèque pour le consulter en ligne En savoir plus
Découvre YouScribe et accède à tout notre catalogue !
Découvre YouScribe et accède à tout notre catalogue !
305
pages
English
Ebooks
2015
Obtenez un accès à la bibliothèque pour le consulter en ligne En savoir plus
Publié par
Date de parution
29 mai 2015
Nombre de lectures
0
EAN13
9780822375449
Langue
English
Poids de l'ouvrage
17 Mo
Ten years after the Human Genome Project's completion the life sciences stand in a moment of uncertainty, transition, and contestation. The postgenomic era has seen rapid shifts in research methodology, funding, scientific labor, and disciplinary structures. Postgenomics is transforming our understanding of disease and health, our environment, and the categories of race, class, and gender. At the same time, the gene retains its centrality and power in biological and popular discourse. The contributors to Postgenomics analyze these ruptures and continuities and place them in historical, social, and political context. Postgenomics, they argue, forces a rethinking of the genome itself, and opens new territory for conversations between the social sciences, humanities, and life sciences.Contributors. Russ Altman, Rachel A. Ankeny, Catherine Bliss, John Dupre, Michael Fortun, Evelyn Fox Keller, Sabina Leonelli, Adrian Mackenzie, Margot Moinester, Aaron Panofsky, Sarah S. Richardson, Sara Shostak, Hallam Stevens
Voir
Publié par
Date de parution
29 mai 2015
EAN13
9780822375449
Langue
English
Poids de l'ouvrage
17 Mo
POSTGENOMICS
This page intentionally left blank
PPersOpecStiveTs oGn BEiolNogyOMICS after the Genome
Sarah S. Rîchardson and Hallam Stevens,edîtors
duke university pressDurham and London2015
© 2015 Sarah S. Rîchardson and Haam Stevens
A rîghts reserved
Prînted în the Unîted States o Amerîca on acîd-ree paper∞
Typeset în Whîtman by Westchester Pubîshîng Servîces
Lîbrary o Congress Cataogîng-în-Pubîcatîon Data Postgenomîcs : perspectîves on bîoogy ater the genome / Sarah S. Rîchardson and Haam Stevens, edîtors. pages cm Incudes bîbîographîca reerences and îndex. isbn978-0-8223-5922-7 (hardcover : ak. paper) isbn978-0-8223-5894-7 (pbk. : ak. paper) isbn978-0-8223-7544-9 (e-book) 1. Human Genome Project. 2. Human gene mappîng. 3. Genetîc engîneerîng—Mora and ethîca aspects. 4. Genomîcs—Mora and ethîca aspects. I. Rîchardson, Sarah S., 1980–II. Stevens, Haam. qh445.2.p678 2015 611'.0181663—dc23 2014044249
Permîssîons:
Chapter 4, “The Poygenomîc Organîsm,” by John Dupré, first appeared înThe Socîologîcal Revîew58 (2010) and îs prînted by permîssîon o the pub-îsher, John Wîey and Sons. © 2010 The Author. Edîtorîa organîzatîon © 2010 The Edîtorîa Board oThe Socîologîcal Revîew.
Parts o Chapter 8, “From Behavîor Genetîcs to Postgenomîcs” by Aaron Panosky, first appeared as part o hîs book,Mîsbehavîng Scîence: Contro-versîes and the Development o Behavîor Genetîcs. These parts are reproduced by permîssîon o the pubîsher, Unîversîty o Chîcago Press © 2014. A rîghts reserved.
Cover art: Connectogram îmage courtesy o Dr. John Darre Van Horn, Unîversîty o Southern Caîornîa.
contents
foreword
1
2
3
4
5
6
Bîoogy’s Love Afaîr wîth the Genome Russ Altmanvîî
Beyond the Genome Hallam Stevens and Sarah S. Rîchardson1
The Postgenomîc Genome Evelyn Fox Keller 9
WhatTollPursuît: Afectîve Assembages în Genomîcs and Postgenomîcs Mîke Fortun 32
The Poygenomîc Organîsm John Dupré 56
Machîne Learnîng and Genomîc Dîmensîonaîty: From Features to Landscapes Adrîan Mackenzîe 73
Networks: Representatîons and Toos în Postgenomîcs Hallam Stevens 103
7
8
9
10
11
12
Vauîng Data în Postgenomîc Bîoogy: How Data Donatîon and Curatîon Practîces Chaenge the Scîentîfic Pubîcatîon System Rachel A. Ankeny and Sabîna Leonellî 126
From Behavîor Genetîcs to Postgenomîcs Aaron Panosky 150
Definîng Heath Justîce în the Postgenomîc Era Catherîne Blîss 174
The Mîssîng Pîece o the Puzze? Measurîng the Envîronment în the Postgenomîc Moment Sara Shostak and Margot Moînester 192
Materna Bodîes în the Postgenomîc Order: Gender and the Expanatory Landscape o Epîgenetîcs Sarah S. Rîchardson 210
Approachîng Postgenomîcs Sarah S. Rîchardson and Hallam Stevens 232
bibliography 243
contributors 281
index 287
foreword Bîoogy’s Love Afaîr wîth the Genome
Postgenomîcs îs the unavoîdabe consequence o an întense ove afaîr between bîomedîca scîentîsts and the human genome. The dîscovery o the doube-heîca structure odnaîn 1953 ît the flame. The breathtakîng rapîdîty wîth whîch thîs dîscovery ead to the entrenchment o the cen-tra dogma (dna→rna→proteîn), the crackîng o the genetîc code, the emergence o genetîc engîneerîng technoogy, and the eary understandîng o Mendeîan dîseases created an expectatîon o exponentîa încreases în our abîîty to measure and înterpretdna înormatîon.dnathe satîsfies compusîons o many scîentîsts: measurabe, dîscrete, moecuar (yet ap-parenty întegratîve), determînîstîc, and evovabe. I a îttednasequence was good, then a ot—the genome—woud be great. Wîth the prospect o greatness, reasonabe peope are prone to hyperboe: save money, deveop cures, predîct dîsease, earn about our ancestors, and brîng justîce to a. It can be hard to judge harshy someone în ove. But even the most întense ove afaîrs sîmmer and requîre nurturîng. The breakneck speed o the courtshîp sows to a more reasoned set o dîs-cussîons, negotîatîons, and settîngs o expectatîon. Some ove afaîrs do not survîve these adjustments, but others transîtîon to a îeong shared adventure. Postgenomîcs commences wîth an înventory o the successes and dîsappoîntments o the genome; we ît our heads, ook around, and figure out what the uture hods.
I do genomîcs, and I pan to do postgenomîcs. But thîs voume compes me to examîne what I do and why I do ît. The chapter authors combîne a deep understandîng o the hîstory and technîca content o modern genomîc scîence wîth argey contrarîan (to many genomîcîsts, at east) înterpretatîons o the sîgnîficance and împact o the work. They expose sîgnîficant bîases în the way we ormuate, justîy, communîcate, and de-end work în genomîcs. Surprîsîngy, however, theîr anayses do not ead to despaîr, but to opportunîty. The chapters în thîs book hîghîght unrecognîzed and unexamîned as-sumptîons and suggest nove anayses and experîments. Eveyn Fox Keer reers to the “înguîstîc habîts o genetîcîsts”—habîts that I have trîed to master and aso trîed to avoîd beîng ooed by. Keer remînds us that the genome’s program îs dynamîc and reactîve. John Dupré emphasîzes that îndîvîduas are în act combînatîons o mutîpe genomes. It îs sometîmes easy to overook înconvenîent acts that vîoate our abstractîons, but as Mîke Fortun ceebrates în hîs marveous medîtatîon on “To!,” an open-ness to the genome’s surprîses can gratîy and motîvate. Adrîan Mackenzîe shows how as the genome’s “shape” moves rom în-ear to hîgh dîmensîona, ît provîdes more eatures than anyone can possîby înterpret. In îght o thîs, we may need to move to aternatîve representa-tîons o physîoogy that are more întegratîve. But, as Haam Stevens makes cear în hîs anaysîs o network metaphors în postgenomîcs, the dîstînctîon between reductîonîst and hoîst îs more compex than we thought. Epî-genetîcs, or exampe, îs thought to provîde a nonreductîonîst mechanîsm or studyîng the înteractîon between gene reguatîon and the envîronment. As Sarah Rîchardson argues în her examînatîon o materna-eta epîgene-tîcs, however, epîgenetîcs caîms oten mîrror cassîc genetîc reductîon-îst expanatîons în theîr ocus on the mechanîsm o reguatîon o gene expressîon. Sîmîary, Sara Shostak and Margot Moînester poînt out that ookîng at envîronmenta measures at mutîpe eves (moecuar, ceuar, tîssue, organîsm) învoves orms o reductîonîsm that înevîtaby obscure some dîmensîons o the envîronment, încudîng hîgh-eve envîronmenta abstractîons such as a neîghborhood. Intrîguîng questîons about the reward and undîng structure o the scî-ences accompany the postgenomîc moment. One exampe îs the încreas-îngy dîspersed nature o scîentîfic knowedge productîon. As we întegrate mutîpe databases, the egîtîmate coauthorshîp caîms o data curators su-er rom theîr dîstance (în both pace and tîme) rom the other authors. Rache A. Ankeny and Sabîna Leoneî expore how we can gîve credît to those who have shared and annotated data. Funders such as the Natîona
vîîîforeword
Instîtutes o Heath greaty benefit genome research, but undîng ocused prîncîpay on genomîcs can ead to dîstortîons. Aaron Panosky examînes how certaîn areas o behavîora genetîcs have been “avîshy rewarded de-spîte consîstent aîure to deîver,” whîe Catherîne Bîss ooks at how ge-nomîcs research în the fied o race-and ethnîcîty-based heath dîsparîtîes may be crowdîng out pubîc heath and socîa scîence approaches. Postgenomîcs: Perspectîves on Bîology ater the Genomedeîvers împortant scîentîfic and socîa messages. One scîentîfic message îs that the genome sequencîng projects were neîther unmîtîgated successes nor aîures, but rather the start o a newy enabed era în whîch determînîng the sequence o ourdnabases îs easy, but understandîng îts roe în bîoogîca systems îs încredîby chaengîng. One socîa message îs that postgenomîcs shoud not be sîmpy the payground o ormer genomîcîsts now turned postgen-omîcîsts. Instead, there îs a credîbe argument or a “reset” and evauatîon o what the most promîsîng and ruîtu areas o învestîgatîon are îkey to be. We shoud resîst the temptatîon to merey decare the “obvîous” next steps: epîgenetîcs, envîronmenta characterîzatîon, and arge-scae popua-tîon sequencîng. Rather, we shoud pause and consîder the range o socî-eta and scîentîfic responses to the past fiteen years o work and choose questîons and strategîes that aow us to marry dîscovery and îts beneficîa appîcatîons.
russ altman Palo Alto, Calîornîa January 2014
foreword îx
