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2015
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Publié par
Date de parution
01 juillet 2015
Nombre de lectures
0
EAN13
9781868149100
Langue
English
Publié par
Date de parution
01 juillet 2015
Nombre de lectures
0
EAN13
9781868149100
Langue
English
THE COLOUR OF OUR FUTURE
DOES RACE MATTER IN POST-APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA?
Edited by
Xolela Mangcu
Published in South Africa by:
Wits University Press
1 Jan Smuts Avenue
Johannesburg, 2001
www.witspress.co.za
Compilation Xolela Mangcu 2015
Chapters Individual contributors 2015
Foreword David Scott 2015
Published edition Wits University Press 2015
First published 2015
978-1-86814-569-0 (print)
978-1-86814- 623-9 (PDF)
978-1-86814-910-0 (EPUB: North America, South America, China)
978-1-86814-911-7 (EPUB: Rest of the World)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act, Act 98 of 1978.
Edited by Inga Norenius
Proofread by Lisa Compton
Index by Clifford Perusset
Cover design by Michelle Staples
Typeset by Newgen
Printed by Paarl Media, South Africa
To the memory of Martin Bernal, who once said, memorably, I am the enemy of purity .
CONTENTS
FIGURES AND TABLES
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
FOREWORD
PREFACE
CHAPTER ONE
What Moving Beyond Race Can Actually Mean: Towards a Joint Culture
Xolela Mangcu
CHAPTER TWO
The Colour of Our Past and Present: The Evolution of Human Skin Pigmentation
Nina G Jablonski
CHAPTER THREE
Races, Racialised Groups and Racial Identity: Perspectives from South Africa and the United States
Lawrence Blum
CHAPTER FOUR
The Janus Face of the Past: Preserving and Resisting South African Path Dependence
Steven Friedman
CHAPTER FIVE
How Black is the Future of Green in South Africa s Urban Future?
Mark Swilling
CHAPTER SIX
Inequality in Democratic South Africa
Vusi Gumede
CHAPTER SEVEN
Interrogating the Concept and Dynamics of Race in Public Policy
Joel Netshitenzhe
CHAPTER EIGHT
Why I Am No Longer a Non-Racialist: Identity and Difference
Suren Pillay
CHAPTER NINE
Interrogating Transformation in South African Higher Education
Crain Soudien
CHAPTER TEN
The Black Interpreters and the Arch of History
Hlonipha Mokoena
NOTES
CONTRIBUTORS
INDEX
FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure 5.1: Class structure in Cape Town
Table 5.1: Household class structure in Cape Town
Table 6.1: Gini coefficient by population group, 1975-2011
Table 6.2: Human development and human poverty indices by population group, 2008 and 2010
Table 6.3: Estimates of annual per capita personal income by population group, 1917-2008
Table 7.1: Public opinion on race relations, 2006
Table 9.1: Gross higher education participation rates in 2005-2007 (%)
Table 9.2: Headcount enrolment and growth by race, 2000-2010
Table 9.3: UCT graduation rates, 2006-2009 (%)
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ANC African National Congress BNG Breaking New Ground CCRRI Centre for Critical Research on Race and Identity Cosatu Congress of South African Trade Unions HDI Human Development Index HOA Home Owners Association HPI Human Poverty Index IDP Integrated Development Plan IMF International Monetary Fund JSE Johannesburg Stock Exchange Ma million years ago MEC Mineral Energy Complex NDP National Development Plan NIMBY not in my backyard PAC Pan Africanist Congress PERC Programme for the Enhancement of Research Capacity SACP South African Communist Party SARChI South African Research Chairs Initiative UCT University of Cape Town Unisa University of South Africa UVR ultraviolet radiation UWC University of the Western Cape Wits University of the Witwatersrand
FOREWORD
PARADOXICAL TIME
In his novel about the English peasant revolt of 1381, A Dream of John Ball (1888), the great nineteenth-century artist and socialist William Morris makes this observation about the past in the present: I pondered all these things, and how men fight and lose the battle, and the thing that they fought for comes about in spite of their defeat, and when it comes turns out not to be what they meant, and other men have to fight for what they meant under another name. Disclosed in this condensed reflection is an important lesson about how we think - or should think - in a properly historical way. Evidently, the relationship between the past and the present, between winning and losing (political struggles, for example), between what we aim for and what we get, is not what we would expect from the perspective of a seamless, linear notion of causes and results. Discontinuities are embodied in the appearance of continuities, and continuities are often characterised by surprising discontinuities. What Morris suggests is that history, how the past relates to the present, should be thought of as paradoxical. Notably too, his insight has about it a tragic aura, in that it solicits from us a suspension of our progressivist expectations about the secure connection between the intentions of reasoned agency and the outcomes of plurally constituted historical action. And therefore what is entailed in thinking historically is an ongoing attunement to the non-synchronicity of pasts in the present. I ve found myself returning again and again to this singular recognition.
Indeed, although nowhere explicit, Morris s insight was constantly in the background of the thinking that went into my writing of Conscripts of Modernity . Part of the point of that book was to offer a historiographical intervention into the writing of present histories of the colonial past. Put it this way: a long struggle was waged against colonial domination that in some paradoxical fashion was both won and lost inasmuch as something new and important emerged into the world but at the price of preserving something old. CLR James s legendary book The Black Jacobins was of course my ostensible object (structured as it was around the themes of anti-colonial revolution and black political self-determination), and the contrast between romance and tragedy as modes of historical emplotment the specific theoretical axis of my preoccupations. But the larger objective into which these were folded was that of rethinking and rewriting the continuities and discontinuities between the colonial past and the postcolonial present, as a way of contributing to unsettling the complacencies and sense of stalled political possibilities that afflict our time. It seemed to me that central to the narrative poetics of liberationist (including anti-colonial) self-consciousness was a way of linking a past of intolerable subjection through a present of possible action to a promised future of total overcoming. This of course was understandable, even desirable, given the history of our victimisation and our natural search for the simple vindication of our humanity. But what if the futures imagined by the figuration of that past had now been effectively foreclosed by both political and conceptual transformations? What were we now to do with the concepts that had so naturally organised our political dreams of futures without the subjugations (racial and otherwise) derived from our colonial experience? This is why the idea of a problem-space of questions and answers (which I formulated by way of the work of RG Collingwood and Quentin Skinner) seemed to me such a productive way of thinking the distinctive historicities of what Stuart Hall might have called successive conjunctures . What distinguishes one problem-space from another, as I see it, is less the prevailing answers offered for various conundrums than the assumptions that shape their underlying questions. Answers are always linked conceptually to more or less implicit questions. And therefore, to understand the present as a conjuncture, part of what is necessary is to try to discern, to excavate, the distinctive questions that constitute and orient it.
The essays in The Colour of Our Future seek, separately and together, to take the measure of the racial present in contemporary South Africa - not an easy undertaking in any circumstance. It is by now uncontroversial to say that the story of the making of the new/democratic/post-apartheid South Africa is often told as a narrative of the heroic struggle to overcome the entrenched and vicious racial past and to found a constitutional republic based on the refusal of racial identifications and exclusions. Central to this motivated narrative (one that gradually became the hegemonic if never uncontested one over the course of hard and sometimes bitter rivalries) was the demand to reject racial and ethnic self-identification as being in implicit collusion with the classificatory and administrative practices of the apartheid state. Race and ethnic consciousness were therefore frowned upon as morally suspect and politically retrograde. A principled non-racialism had become the oppositional norm, perhaps even the politically correct orthodoxy. But in the conjuncture of post-apartheid South Africa, as the novelty of procedural democracy recedes and the pleasures and conceits of white privilege (not to mention the economic structures that sustain it) recognisably prevail in barely diminished form, it is no longer as clear as it once seemingly was that the great doctrine of non-racialism is self-evidently the best way to engage and combat the scourge of individual and institutional racism.
This is the conundrum that challenges the conceptual-political resources of the writers you are about to read. In various ways, and taking up a number of thematic directions and preoccupations, they are asking questions such as the following: What is the problem-space about race and ethnicity in contemporary South Africa? What are the institutional and discursive structures through which the powers of racial and ethnic privilege and hierarchy disclose and reinvent and reinforce themselves? What are the practices and technologies by which certain kinds of raced and ethnic experience are silenced or displaced or disavowed, and o
