X Toolkit Intrinsics programming manual

The Definitive Guides to the X Window System Volume Four I I I X Toolkit Intrinsics Programming Manual OSF/Motif Edition by Adrian Nye and Tim O'Reilly O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. I III,AI,Y ('()PY Volume Four X Toolkit Intrinsics Programming Manual OSF/Motif 1.1 Edition for X11, Release 4 by Adrian Nye and Tim O'Reilly O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. X Protocol Reference Manual, R-4 Release, 500 pages Describes the X Network Protocol which underlies all software for Version l I of the X Window System. Xlib Programming Manual, R-4 Release, 672 pages Xlib Reference Manual, R-4 Release, 792 pages Complete programming and reference guides to the X library (Xlib), the lowest level of programming interface to X. g Window System User's Guide, R-4 Release Orients the new user to window system concepts, provides detailed tutorials for many client programs, and explains how to customize the X environment. Standard Edition, 752 pages Motif Edition, 734 pages X Toolkit Intrinsics Programming Manual, R-4 Release Complete guide to programming with Xt Intrinsics, the library of C language routines that facilitate the design of user interfaces, with reusable components called widgets. Standard Edition, 624 pages Motif Edition, 666 pages X Toolkit Intrinsics Reference Manual, R-4 Release, 776 pages Complete programmer's reference for the X Toolkit. Motif Programming Manual, Motif 1.1, 1032 pages Complete guide to programming for the Motif graphical user interface. XView Programming Manual, XView Version 3.0, 768 pages XView Reference Manual, 266 pages Complete information on programming with XView, an easy-to-use toolkit that is widely available. The X Window System in a Nutshell, R-3 and R-4 Release, 380 pages A single-volume quick reference that is an indispensable companion to the series. Contact us for a catalog of our books, for orders, or for more information. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. 632 Petaluma Avenue, Sebastopol CA 95472 (800) 338-6887 US/Canada 707-829-0515 overseas/local 707-829-0104 Fax Table of Contents Page Preface ........................................................................ ............................................................. xxv Summary of Contents ....................................................................... ......................................... xxv Assumptions .................................................................... .......................................................... xxvi Related Documents ...................................................................... ............................................ xxvi How to Use This Manual ......................................................................... ............................... xxvii Font Conventions Used in This .......... xxx Request for Comments ....................................................................... ....................................... xxx Bulk Sales Information .................................................................... ........................................ xxxi Obtaining the X Window System Software ....................................................................... ..... xxxi Obtaining Motif .......................................................................... .............................................. xxxi Obtaining the Example Programs ....................................................................... ..................... xxxi Acknowledgments ................................................................ ................................................... xxxii 1 Introduction to the X Window System .................................................................. 3 1.1 The Server and Client ......................................................................... .................................... 7 1.2 The Software Hierarchy ...................................................................... ................................... 9 1.3 Event-driven PrOgramming .................................................................... .............................. 11 1.4 The Window Manager .......................................................................................................... 12 1.5 Extensions to X .............................................................................. ....................................... 13 2 Introduction to the X Toolkit and Motif ............................................................ 17 2.1 Programming with Widgets ........................................................................ ......................... 17 2.1.1 About Widget Sets ........................................................................... .............................. 20 2.1.2 Widget Classes and Instances ...................................................................... ................. 22 2.1.3 Widget Configurability with Resources ...................................................................... . 25 2.1.4 Widget Independence ................................................................... ................................. 27 2.1.5 Widget-Application Interaction .................................................................... ............... 29 2.1.6 Xt and Object-oriented Programming (OOP) .............................................................. 32 2.1.6.1 The Object ......................................................................... ........................................ 32 2.1.6.2 Methods ........................................................................ ............................................. 33 2.1.6.3 Messages ....................................................................... ............................................ 33 2.1.6.4 Encapsulation .................................................................. .......................................... 33 2.2 Structure of Motif Applications ................................................................... ....................... 34 2.3 A Simple X Toolkit Application .................................................................... ...................... 35 2.3.1 The Code ........................................................................... ............................................. 36 2.3.2 Compiling the ....................... 39 2.3.3 The App-defaults File ........................................................................... ........................ 39 2.3.4 To Hardcode or Not to Hardcode ....................................................................... .......... 43 2.4 Connecting Widgets to Application Code .......................................................................... 44 2.4.1 Callbacks ...................................................................... .................................................. 45 2.5 More About Resources ...................................................................... ................................... 49 2.5.1 Setting and Getting Resources from the Application ................................................. 49 2.5.1.1 Setting Resources with the Varargs Interfaces ....................................................... 50 2.5.1.2 Setting Resources with the ArgList Interfaces ....................................................... 51 2.5.1.3 Getting a Resource Value .......................................................................... .............. 53 2.5.2 Core ........................................ 54 2.5.3 Other Inherited Resources ...................................................................... ...................... 57 2.6 Advice on X Programming .................................................................... .............................. 60 3 More Techniques for Using Widgets .................................................................... 63 3.1 Using Composite Widgets ........................................................................ ........................... 63 3.1.1 Setting Resources for an Instance Hierarchy .............................................................. 66 3.1.2 Geometry Management in Practice ....................................................................... ....... 67 3.2 Using Constraint ............................ 71 3.3 The Standard Motif Instance Hierarchy ...................................................................... ........ 74 3.3.1 Motif Widget Creation Routines ....................................................................... ........... 75 3.3.2 Building a Main Window ......................................................................... ..................... 75 3.4 Using Popups ......................................................................... ............................................... 78 3.4.1 Creating a Basic Menu ........................................................................... ....................... 79 3.4.2 Creating a Basic Dialog Box ............................................................................ ............ 81 3.4.3 Popup Window Hierarchy ...................................................................... ....................... 85 3.5 More About Callbacks ...................................................................... ................................... 86 3.5.1 Passing Data to Callback Functions ...................................................................... ....... 87 3.5.1.1 The client_data Argument ....................................................................... ................ 87 3.5.1.2 The call_data .................... 89 3.5.2 Callback Lists .......................................................................... ...................................... 90 3.6 Application