South Indian Images Of Gods And Goddesses

SOUTH-INDIAN IMAGES OF GODS AND GODDESSESOF MADRAS GOVERNMENTAGENTS FOR THE SALE PUBLICATIONS. IN INDIA. Madia*,A COMBRIDC.U &.CoA C BARRAUD & Co. (Late J. ), R. CAMDRAY & CalcuttaCo., MadmaE. M. GOPATAKRibHNA KOMI;, PudumantapAin, Mount Madras.HIGGINBOTHAMS (Ltd.), Road, Madias.V KALYANAKAMA IYEK 5. Co., Esplanade, HAM MadrasG C LQGAINAI BROTHERS, S. & MadiasMURTHY Co., &. Co MadiasG A. NATESAN , The NA/AIK KANUN HIM* Allahabad.Superintendent, PRI$S P. R RAMA IYER & Co Madias. , D. B TARAPOREVALA SONS &Co , Bombay THACKER & Co. (Ltd ), Bombay. SPINK , Co Calcutta ,THACKER, S VAS & Co Madras. , MadrasS P C K. Press, IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. B H and Broad CKfoid.BLACKWKU., 50 51, Street, ix W.C.CONSTABLE Orange LeiccstciCo., 10, Street, Square, London, BELL& Co.DEIGHTON, (Ltd ), Camhudgc. T UNWJNFISHER W.C.(Ltd.), %, Adclphi Terrace, London, GKINDLAY& Parliament S.W.Co., 54, Sticet, London, KEGAN TRUIJNER & Co. CartaPAUL, TRLNCH, (Ltd.), 6874, Lane, London, E Cl and Museum W C Street, London,|& HENR\ S. & K.C.ANC* 65,tornlnll, London,CjB^ P S. KING &. 2 and Smith S,W.SON, Sticet, Westminster, London,4)-w^pat LUZAC & Gicat RussellCo., 46, W.C.Street, London, B Street, New Bond W.QuAMicV IT, Stieet, London,G^tfi^on W. TACiv^3& Co K.C.,V CieedAcAc, London, OLIVER AND BOYJD, Edinburgh.Tweeddalefci^,irt, E. PONSONDY Giafton Dublin.(Ltd.), 116, Street, \ V ON THE CONTINENT. ERNEST RueLEROUX, 28, Pans.Bonaparte, MARIINUS The HollandNIJHOFF, Hague,THE TAN TEMPI E.TORESOUTH-INDIAN IMAGES OF ANDGODS GODDESSES BY H. KRISHNA RAOSASTRI, B.A., SAHEB, tntAtMstant Aichceological Sit intendpet foi hfaqtapliy, Southern Circle Published under the the Government Madras.authority of of MADRAS GOVERNMENT PRESS 1916a madebook o\Se^s its tolittle suggestionorigin when he wasTHIS LordHis Carmichael,by Excellency in the He feltGovernor of Madras 1912. that,year with Hindua multitude of bookswhile there was dealing therewith Hinduand iconography,religion incidentally informationwould110 handbook whichwas givepopular orsees inoneabout the templescommonlyimages ait would beand thatmuseums in Southern India, want. Thethatuseful tothing supplydistinctly task toentrusted the me,Madras Government presu- me often toofficial dutiesbecause verybringmymably and toin Provincethe various the studyvisit temples found therein.and theclassify images aware ofthe I was notWhen I fullytask,accepted firstme. In thethat beforethe difficulties place,lay in Sanskrit or infewthere were books,very printed andthe orthodoxthat descriptiontranslations, gave And wheninof the set temples.images upsignificance few oldcollate notes from aI to manuscripts'managed init was almostof this impossiblesubject,treating whichtheto reconcileseveral instances discrepancies the technical termseven to understandshowed orthey theIn someabounded in them. cases,which descrip- found in the local chroniclestion of a imageparticular as.could not be traced in theAor Sthala-Pnrdnas gam that I have steered clearam notI sanguinealtogether in a clearand succeededof these difficulties presenting to the reader.readable accountand averagevi PREFACE source of information inchief thisMy compiling u excellent workbook has been an entitled Tattvanidhi," the Sri-Venkatesvara Steam Press atpublished by and His thebyBombay, compiled Highness Maharaja Bahadur ofMummadi Krishnaraja Vodeyar Mysore. A of other Sanskrit worksshort consultedbibliography xv.me is atby given page whothe friends havemany kindlyAmong helped thanks areme in this due to Sir H.task, my special J. F.S Director-GeneralMarshall, Kt., C.I.E., LITT.D., A.,M.A., of and his assistant Mr. V. NatesaSimla,x^rchaeology, ancientfor extracts from on theB.A.,Aiyar, manuscripts of Indian , to Mr. A. H.subject iconography Longhurst, Southern for theCircle,Archaeological Superintendent, numerous illustrations without which the book would be and to Mr. C. S.almost Anantarama ;unintelligible to thethe Under Government ofAiyar, Secretary valuable criticism which hasfor much been ofMadras, me. thanks are alsoassistance to due to Mr.great My GovernmentT. Fisher, Press, Madras,Superintendent, for his kind about the ofsuggestionsmany get-up the book and a of the numerousarrangementpractical illustrations. OOTACAMUND, Hist KRISHNA SASTRI.Apnl 7916.TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER i. INTRODUCTORY. TAGLb and ofTemples and the ofimages, subject Ajfi//ias bilpa-bastm* ; origin stone Theirin the Pallavatemples peiiod (page li.) development m the a Saiva from aChola toperiod (2) Signs distinguish temple ritual followed in annualVaishnava temple ; generally temples ; festivals Ritual in of . ... i(7) 9(^f.) temples village-deities CHAPTER II. BRAHMA Not his andas the chief in adeity temple ; images generalworshipped io-~l6Various forms illustrations .. ... ...description , (n)(10) IIICHAPTER VISHNU His Incarnations Boar incarnation and(22)general description (17) the reverence to it the South-Indian Man-paid by early kings (22f.) lion incarnation and its varieties Dwarf incarnation(24!.) (jof ) Rama Krishna incarnation and varieties(3$f ) (3/f ) Buddha and Kalki incarnations PadmanaKha or(47) Anantasaym, Lakshmi-Ranganatha (5of ) Jalasayana, Vaikuntha-Narayana, and Vishnu TheNarayana, Garuda-Narayana Yogesvara- (52! ) 24 forms of Vishnu and Venkatesa ,general Plnduranga, Uayagriva 01 Vishvaksena and GarudaManmatha,(55f.) Pradyumna (62f.) Hanuman stones ...(64f.) Sudarsana(66f.) Saligrarna (/of ) 17 71 CHAPTER IV. SIVA. His and their non-sectarian oftemples nature, l^tt^a^ s>mbol Siva; its and varietiessignificance, dcscuption (72f.)~~Subsidiary images toin a Siva attached his formstemple , importance sportive (74f.) Rudramuiti its and varietiesThe foim , Panoha-general description ; dehamurti and hisMaha-Sadasiva (76f.) and several dan-Natarija The Chidambaram, itscing postures (77!") temple ; history (88f.) and his various formsDakshmamurti (89f.) -Lingodbhava (93f.) Bhikshatana and Mohim Katxkalamtirti (9/f.) (103) Ivalyana* sundaianciGrti Somaskanda and albed forms(iO3f.) (i07f)TABLE OF CONTENTSviii Vrihharudha Chandrasekharamurti ) Ardhanaii(li4f.(113?) Harihara (i25f.) Gangadhara (129!")(I2of) (125) Gajahamurti Kalahaianiurti Nilakantha) (iS/f ) Tripurantakamurti(i$2f (I4of.) Kiiataijunamuitj (i4if.) Chandesanugrahamurti (l43f ) Sarabhamurti (1475) Pasupatamuiti, Rakshoghnamurti, Aghdra- Bhaira\a and his vanous Mahakala andmuiti, forms, Kalagni- Rudra Virabhadra and his various forms Kshetia- (148!".) (1555.) andChandesa,pala (isqf ) Nandlsa, Bhrmglsa Jxaradeva (l6if ) foims his Skanda andand his variousGanapali ; popularity (i65f.) hishis different forms the of . ...; antiquity worship (i77f) 72 183 ,CHAPTER V. SAKTI-GODDESSES. Then Then division into three classes and then(184)significance on unitas and Sarasvati and herchakras, pjthas\\orship y (185) Lakshmi and her different formsdifferent foims (i85f ) (187^) VishnuThe of Generaleight energies personified (189) description of Gaurl or Parvati The Sakti(190) Saptamatnkas (190!".) god- desses Vaishnavite .symbols Chamnnda, Mahishasura-holding Durga, mardini and Maha-Lakshmi Kalaratri,(196 211) Tvarita, Tnpuia- Sura,Bhaira\i, Vajiaprastarmi, Suiapriya, Srivid^aclevl, Pranasakti, Svasthavesmi, Satruvidhvamsmi, Ugra-Tara, Dhiamravatl, SuhnT, Sitaladevi, Bhutamata and SivaclutlPratjangira, Tnkantakidevi, (2iif ) Jyeshtha-Lakshmi (2i6f ) Bala-Tripurasundari, Saubhag- Savitri andyabhuvanesvari, Annapurna, Gayatri, Saras\ati, Tulaja- T \ Kurukulla andBhavani, Rajamatangi, Laghusyamala, aruni, andVindh>avasini [2i8f.)~Lalita, Tupuiasundari jRajarajes\ari their on and Stz-chttktaBala-yantra (zzof ) -222worship 184- .CHAPTER VI. VILLAGE DEITIES. Their traceable to Tantrik names of a few of; themorigin goddesses Their and Ceremonies(223f.) \\oiship worshippers (226) peculiar deitiesto oftemples village , Draupadi temples a.\\&karagam (226f ) Sati-\v and the .orship fire-vvalkmg ceiemony (229) Village gods and ; devil-dancesAi>anar Kartippannasarm (229f ) Ileio-woiship ... . ..(234; . 223234 CHAPTER VII. MISCELLANEOUS DEITIES. The nine Planets The Sun his and the(235) , description bufya-yantni The Moon and the other Planets) The(235f (239f ) Dikpalakas Indra, Yama, and KuberaAgm, Nanrita, Varuna, Vayu (24if The) TheNagas (248!.) demi-gods Yakshas, Vidyadharas, andetc., Saints and TheDvarapalas (2Sif ) sages three(2545) religious Sana and Vaishnava saintsreformers; (259^ jaina images Pedestals, and of(z62f) postures, symbols, weapons jewellery .. . ...images f26$f) 235272LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TheFRONTISPTECK. Tanjoie temple. i.FIG. Narasimha .Gopura, temple ; Mangalagui cj 2. Back view central Sivaof,, shrine, temple; Gangaikonda- 6..... 8solapuram tankHandranadi,, ; Mannargudi3. g Madura . . .Processional ,4. images (metal) I2 ^-utensils Uttatluiand .Lamp patterns /#/ ,5. 13 Brahma Seven . .6. . ; Pagoda^ .14 Do. Kumbakonam . . . 7.9J -15 Tiruvadi . . . . ,8. Do. 16 and Sarasvatl . .Brahma ; .18,, 9. kandiyur 10. on swan vehicle Chidambaram , . ic; n. .Vishnu ; . .20(Ashtabhuja) Conjeeveram . . . . . ,12. 2 iVishnu, Bellary Do. .,, .13. Paramesvaramangalam 23 Vishnu and his consorts , ,14. Aiiyamba-kkam 25 Boar incarnation of Vishnu St-ven . ;,, 15. Pagodas 27 16. Narasimha forth from the Ahobalam 28,, bursting pillar; do. .17. Ugia-Narasiniha 29 18. Do Madras Museum . , ;(metal) 31 Hill . .,, ;19. Yoga-Narasimha Tmipati .3^ .20. Tnvikrama Seven,, , . .Pagodas $4 2j. Do. KumbakOnaiu . . . .36 22. Vamana Namakkal . . , , . . ^ Rama and Raine-;varam , .23. group (metal) 40 Krishna tied to a mortar Pcnukonda . .24. , ,42 Bala-Butter-dance of Krishna Madras Museum ;25 (metal) 44 of26, Serpent-dance Kfihya-Krishna do.(metal) 4^ do.27. Venu-Gopala 46 28. Little . . .,, Madana-Gopala; (Conjeeverani 48 Govardhana-Kiishna Seven29. ,?J Pagodas Krishna on the Kumbakonam30. puniitii~\xw ,,, (wood) 40 Faithasarathi31. Bhagavad-Gitdto ;teaching Arjuna Pushjja- 51 lri 53 Seven,, 32. Anantasayin ; Pagodas .... Niimakkalv33- Vaik