The role of Sonic Hedgehog in regulating proliferation, cell survival, and cell cycle exit in the Zebrafish fin buds and neural plate derived tissues [Elektronische Ressource] / Sergey Prykhozhij

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The role of Sonic Hedgehog in regulating proliferation, cell survival, and cell-cycle exit in the zebrafish fin buds and neural-plate derived tissues Dissertation submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and Mathematics of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Sergey Prykhozhij, BSc Honours (Molecular Biology) Dissertation submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Presented by Sergey Prykhozhij from Pinsk, Belarus 2009 2 The role of Sonic Hedgehog in regulating proliferation, cell survival, and cell-cycle exit in the zebrafish fin buds and neural-plate derived tissues Referees: Dr. Detlev Arendt Prof. Dr. Herbert Steinbeisser Thesis defense: 23.07.2009 3 Table of Contents ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ............................................................................................................ 6 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. 9 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 14 1.
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Publié le

01 janvier 2009

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English

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The role of Sonic Hedgehog in regulating
proliferation, cell survival, and cell-cycle exit in the
zebrafish fin buds and neural-plate derived tissues


Dissertation


submitted to the
Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and Mathematics
of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany
for the degree of
Doctor of Natural Sciences



Sergey Prykhozhij,
BSc Honours (Molecular Biology)








Dissertation






submitted to the
Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics
of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany
for the degree of
Doctor of Natural Sciences









Presented by
Sergey Prykhozhij
from Pinsk, Belarus
2009
2















The role of Sonic Hedgehog in regulating
proliferation, cell survival, and cell-cycle exit in the
zebrafish fin buds and neural-plate derived tissues










Referees: Dr. Detlev Arendt
Prof. Dr. Herbert Steinbeisser


Thesis defense: 23.07.2009

3
Table of Contents 
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ............................................................................................................ 6 
SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. 9 
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 14 
1.1  Signaling pathways in regulation of proliferation and cell death ............................... 15 
1.2  Hedgehog signaling .................................................................................................... 15 
1.2.1  Hedgehog family of proteins ................................................................................... 15 
1.2.2  Hedgehog biosynthesis, secretion and spreading in tissues .................................... 16 
1.2.3  Hedgehog signaling pathway .................................................................................. 19 
1.3  The role of Sonic Hedgehog in regulating proliferation in development and
tumourigenesis ....................................................................................................................... 23 
1.4  Sonic Hedgehog and Fibroblast Growth Factors in vertebrate limb bud patterning and
as potential limb bud mitogens .............................................................................................. 26 
1.5  Sonic Hedgehog in zebrafish retinal development ..................................................... 28 
1.6  The survival function of Sonic Hedgehog signaling ................................................... 33 
1.7  p53 pathway in apoptosis induction and cell cycle regulation ................................... 34 
1.8  Evidence for interaction of Hedgehog and p53 pathways .......................................... 42 
1.9  Zebrafish as a model system ....................................................................................... 43 
1.10  Aims of this thesis ................................................................................................... 43 
2 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................... 44 
2.1  Shh and Fgf signaling pathways in regulating fin bud cell proliferation .................... 45 
2.1.1  Loss of Shh signaling leads to reduction of cell cycle gene expression correlating
with Fgf signaling status ........................................................................................................ 45 
2.1.2  Fgf signaling inhibition leads to rapid loss of cell-cycle gene expression and
proliferation decrease in the fin buds .................................................................................... 50 
2.2.  The mechanism of the survival function of Shh ......................................................... 57 
-/-2.2.1  Apoptotic phenotype of zebrafish shh mutant ...................................................... 57 
–/–2.2.2  Anti-apoptotic factor expression in shh mutant ................................................... 59 
–/–2.2.3  The involvement of p53 pathway in apoptosis in shh mutant ............................. 61 
–/– –/–2.2.4  shh p53 double mutant phenotypes .................................................................. 66 
–/–2.2.5  Hedgehog pathway activation rescues apoptosis in shh mutants ......................... 74 
2.2.6  Creating and characterizing zebrafish p53 reporter line ......................................... 77 
–/– 2.2.7  p53 reporter activation in shh mutant 79 
–/– 2.2.8  p53 reporter-positive cells in shh mutant are positive for apoptotic markers ...... 85 –/– 2.2.9  Cell cycle behavior of p53 reporter-positive cells in shh mutant ......................... 87 
–/– 2.2.10  p53 regulates proliferation in the shh mutant retina ............................................ 90 
3 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................... 94 
3.1  Direct and indirect regulation of proliferation by Shh in different contexts ............... 95 
3.2  Interaction of p53 and Shh in regulation of cell survival, cell cycle exit, and
differentiation ........................................................................................................................ 97 
3.2.1  p53 mediates apoptosis in the absence of Shh in zebrafish ..................................... 97 
–/–3.2.2  p53 regulates proliferation and differentiation in the shh mutant retina .............. 99 
3.2.3  p53 reporter expression in tissues requiring Shh for survival ............................... 101 
3.3  Conclusions and Outlook .......................................................................................... 102 
4 MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................................................................... 103 
5 PUBLICATIONS ................................................................................................................. 117 
6 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 118 
7  Appendix .......................................................................................................................... 133 
7.1   Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ 133 




5
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Die Entwicklung von multizellulären Organismen hängt von der Integration zwischen
Musterbildung und der Regulation der Zellenanzahl ab. Das sekretierte Signalprotein Sonic
Hedgehog (Shh) ist in die Regulation beider Prozesse einbezogen worden, was darauf
hindeutet, dass es am Erreichen dieser Integration teilnehmen könnte. Die Rolle von Shh beim
Regeln der Musterbildung in vertebraten Modellsystemen, einschliesslich dem Zebrafisch, ist
während der letzten Jahrzehnten gut beschrieben worden. Unter den Organen, in denen die
Musterbildungsfunktion von Shh am besten untersucht worden ist, sind die Gliedanlagen, die
Retina, und die Neuraltube. Daher habe ich gewählt die Rolle von Shh in der Regulation von
Zellteilung und Zelltod in diesen Organen von Zebrafisch zu untersuchen. Zudem habe ich die
Interaktion zwischen Shh und einigen anderen Faktoren untersucht, die Zellteilung und Zelltod
regeln, einschliesslich des sekretierten Signalproteins Fgf und des Transkriptionsfaktors p53.
Im Kontext der gepaarten Brustflossenanlagen des Zebrafisches habe ich den Akzent
auf das Zusammenspiel zwischen Shh und Fgf gesetzt. Shh gestaltet die Musterbildung entlang
der vorder/hinteren Achse vom vertebraten Glied, während mehrere Fgfs die Musterbildung
entlang der proximal/distalen Gliedachse gestalten. Zudem sind Shh und Fgf Signalwege in der
Gliedanlage aufeinander angewiesen. Daher war ich bestrebt den relativen Einfluss eines jeden
Signalwegs auf die Zellproliferation in diesem Organ zu bestimmen. In shh Mutanten sind
Zellproliferation sowie der Fgf-signalweg in den Brustflossenanlagen anfangs normal, später
aber verringern sie sich stark. Darüber hinaus hat eine kurzfristige pharmakologische
Inhibition des Hedgehogsignalweges wenig Wirkung, weder auf den Fgf Signalweg, noch auf
die Expression von Genen die am Zellzyklus beteiligt sind, während längere Inhibition zur
Verminderung von beiden Prozessen führt. Im Gegensatz dazu führt eine kurzfristige
pharmakologische Inhibition

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