Sustainability analysis of beef production with Bali cattle in smallholder farms on Ceram Island, Indonesia [Elektronische Ressource] / presented by Faradilla Attamimi

UNIVERSITÄT HOHENHEIM
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
Institute of Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics
Section of Animal Breeding and Husbandry in the Tropics and Subtropics
Prof. Dr. Anne Valle Zárate




Sustainability analysis of beef production with Bali cattle in
smallholder farms on Ceram Island, Indonesia





Dissertation
submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree “Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften”
(Dr.sc.agr./Ph.D. in Agricultural Sciences)
to the
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences

presented by

Faradilla Attamimi
born in Ambon, Indonesia








Stuttgart-Hohenheim, January 2011



This thesis was accepted as a doctoral dissertation in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
“Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften” by the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
at the University of Hohenheim on (date): January 26, 2011


Date of oral examination: February 28, 2011



Examination Committee
Supervisor and Reviewer Prof. Dr. Anne Valle Zárate
Prof. Dr. Michael Grashorn
Co-Reviewer Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Piepho
Additional Examiner Prof. Dr. Regina Birner
Dr. Pera Herold
Vice-Dean and Head of the Committee Prof. Dr. Andreas Fangmeier













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Acknowledgements

First of all, I would like to appreciate my heartfelt acknowledgements to my main supervisor,
Prof. Dr. Anne Valle Zárate, who supported me even when I was not known to her and
assisted in the entire arrangement and the execution of the study. Special mention is made to
her overwhelming assistance in facilitating my family to join me in Germany.
I am grateful to Prof. H.-P.Piepho for being my co-supervisor during my study period in the
University of Hohenheim. His advises and suggestions in the statistical analysis, especially in
providing information on applying cluster analysis and general linear model for cattle
performance and forage analyses was helpful.
My sincere gratitude is extended to my mentor, Dr. Marianna Siegmund-Schultze for her
guidance from the first time I approached the Institute in 2003 to the end of my thesis
completion. She assisted me from the time I prepared my PhD proposal, getting the
scholarship until the first time I came to Germany, and entered the door of the Institute. Thank
you for being my friend, my mentor, and my family in Germany.
Many thanks to all farmers and key persons on Ceram, who participated in the study and
shared the information with me. Many thanks were also addressed to the lecturers and
students of Pattimura University for joining my team to conduct the research on Ceram.
My gratitude is extended to the following persons from within and outside the Institute of
Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics: Dr. Pera Herold for her guidance especially
in the first days I entered the Institute, Dr. Regina Rößler, Dr. André Markemann, Dominique
Keller (who provided me invaluable information and helped me in administration works),
Margit Mayr (for the opportunity to share the office in the first days of my arrival, and
helping me to search for some documents in the library), Sigrid Seitz (for helping me
registering in the Rathaus once I arrived in Stuttgart), Dr. Getahun Legesse (for sharing
invaluable information and suggestions for my research and study), Dr. Thomas Rewe, Dr. Le
Thi Thanh Huyen (for sharing some invaluable information and especially for being my
friend), Evans Ilatsia (for being my “private mentor” in statistics), Kebede Amenu Ejeta (for
being my room-mate who accepted noise from my visitors and helping me in editing the
thesis), Bianca Haußner, the Al Baqain family, Sarah Schneider and Thanammal for editing
my language. Special gratitude to Sjakkelien van Lier and Stevan for providing me support
and Hetty Londo for being my family in Europe. Special thanks to Ratna CP Armanugraha for
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her suggestions, information and guidance, especially for getting research funds. Many thanks
go to my Indonesian collegues at the University of Hohenheim and all members of Ngaji
Stuttgart for being my family here in Germany.
The study could not have been done without the financial support from the Deutscher
Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) which provided me a scholarship to undertake the
study and the Father and Son Eiselen Foundation Ulm which provided me funds to undertake
the research in Indonesia. I would also like to thank The Department of Agriculture, Maluku
Province for all the support and for allowing me to study in Germany.
I thank my parents for all the encouragement they have given me throughout the time it has
taken to complete this research project. I thank my beloved husband, Agus Pambudi who has
sacrificed his career and works to accompany me through these tough days. And last but not
least, I thank my beloved son Fayyadhansyah Gibraltar Pambudi for understanding my
absence.

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Table of contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................................. II
TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................................IV
LIST OF TABLES ..............................................................................................................................VI
LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................VIII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................................IX
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1
2 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................... 4
2.1 SUSTAINABLE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION............................................................................ 4
2.1.1 Definition of sustainability ................................................................................................ 4
2.1.2 Sustainable livestock production systems.......................................................................... 6
2.1.3 Assessment of sustainable livestock production ................................................................ 7
2.2 BEEF PRODUCTION WITH BALI CATTLE IN INDONESIA .................................................... 11
2.2.1 Breed description and population dynamics ................................................................... 11
2.2.2 Production systems.......................................................................................................... 15
2.2.3 Performance of Bali cattle............................................................................................... 18
2.3 SMALLHOLDER FARMING SYSTEMS ON CERAM ISLAND, INDONESIA.............................. 21
2.3.1 Feed Resources................................................................................................................ 21
2.3.2 Population and socio-economic conditions..................................................................... 22
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS.................................................................................. 32
3.1 STUDY AREA.................................................................................................................... 32
3.2 SELECTION OF DISTRICTS, VILLAGES, FARMERS, CATTLE AND KEY PERSONS ................. 34
3.2.1 Selection of villages......................................................................................................... 35
3.2.2 Selection of households (farmers and cattle)................................................................... 36
3.2.3 Selection of key persons................................................................................................... 37
3.3 DATA COLLECTION.......................................................................................................... 38
3.4 DATA ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................. 51
3.4.1 Characterisation of the production systems .................................................................... 51
3.4.2 Cattle performance analysis............................................................................................ 55
3.4.3 Forage analysis ............................................................................................................... 57
3.4.4 Sustainability Indicator selection .................................................................................... 60
3.4.5 Estimation of the farms’ sustainability............................................................................ 61
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4 RESULTS....................................................................................................................... 64
4.1 CURRENT BALI CATTLE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS ON CERAM ISLAND, INDONESIA........... 64
4.1.