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UNIVERSITÉ DE LA MÉDITERRANÉE, FRANCE
Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille
Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS 6540 - DIMAR
Diversité, Évolution et Écologie Fonctionnelle Marine
UNIVERSITÉ DE GDANSK, POLOGNE
Institute of Oceanography
Department of Marine Ecosystems Functioning
THÈSE DE DOCTORAT
Spécialité Biosciences de l'Environnement
présentée par
Katarzyna TARNOWSKA
Genetic structure and physiological variation of a widespread European
lagoon specialist Cerastoderma glaucum (Bivalvia)
living in extreme environmental conditions
Soutenue le 25 mars 2010
Jury :
Anne Chenuil, Chargée de recherche, CNRS, Marseille (Directrice de thèse)
Jean-Pierre Féral, Directeur de recherche, CNRS, Marseille (Directeur de thèse)
Maciej Wołowicz, Professeur, Université de Gdask, Gdask, Pologne (Directeur de thèse)
Sophie Arnaud-Haond, Chargée de recherche, IFREMER, Brest (Rapporteur)
Herman Hummel, Professeur, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Yerseke, Pays-Bas
(Rapporteur)
Philippe Borsa, Chargé de recherche, IRD, Montpellier (Examinateur)
Didier Forcioli, Maitre de conférence, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice
(Examinateur)
Jerzy Sell, Professeur, Université de Gdask, Pologne (Président, Examinateur)
TO MY PARENTS
1ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank the Director of the Department of Marine
Ecosystems Functioning at the University of Gdask, Prof. Maciej Wołowicz and
the Director of DIMAR (“Diversité, évolution et écologie fonctionnelle marine”)
laboratory at the Université de la Méditerranée Dr Jean-Pierre Féral for accepting me as a
PhD student in Your research teams and enabling me to work on this PhD project. I would
like to thank my supervisors: Dr Anne Chenuil and Dr Jean-Pierre Féral and Prof. Maciej
Wołowicz for sharing Your valuable experience and all the support and encouragement
You gave me. I appreciate Your contagious excitement for my work and the criticism at
the moments, when it was needed. Special thanks to Dr Anne Chenuil for a lot of patience
and help while showing me the fascinating world of molecular biology.
I would like to thank:
• Dr A. Rogers from the Zoological Society of London for sharing microsatellite
primers sequences, which enabled me to enrich my work a lot,
• all the people who contributed to samples collection: E. Egea, J.-P. Féral,
H. Hummel, J. Jansen, B. Kelemen, T. Kevrekidis, A. Kiewro, M. Krakau, S. Krupiski,
R. Lasota, M. Machado, C. Marschal, A. E. Mogias, G. Sara, R. Sussarellu, J. Zaouali,
H. Zibrowius,
• J. Jansen, H. Hummel, O. Van Hoesel from The Netherlands Institute of Ecology
(NIOO-KNAW) in Yerseke for helping me when I was investigating physiological
parameters of C. glaucum from the North Sea,
• all the people who helped me somehow at the different stages of my work,
especially: R. Nikula, A. Green, J. Drzazgowski, K. Jaworski, K. Bradtke and the staff of
the research vessel "Oceanograf II",
• all the colleagues from the laboratories both in Poland and in France, especially:
Kenza, Emilie, Didier, Karolina, Magda, Jean-Baptiste, Justyna, Michał, Pierre-Alexandre,
Iwona, Adam, Defne, Karin, Rafał. You gave me a lot of help and advice and You also
brought some light and smile to my long days at work,
• R. Lasota, D. Rush, A. Putteeraj, J. Zieliski and J. Dunder for editorial and
language corrections and suggestions.
2I would like to acknowledge the provisions of the French government studentship,
which enabled me to work on this Polish-French PhD project and the financial support
from: the Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Poland (project number: N304 047
32/2162) and the University of Gdask in Poland (project number: BW/13A0-5-0089-6).
This research was performed in the frame of MarBEF (Marine Biodiversity and
Ecosystem Functioning EU Network of Excellence) GBIRM (Genetic Biodiversity
Responsive Mode) Project. MarBEF is funded by the European Union within the
“Sustainable development, global change and ecosystems” RTD Programme (Contract no.
GOCE-CT-2003-505446 2004-2009). I am very grateful for the possibility to participate in
this project and for all the fruitful meetings.
I would also like to thank:
• my Mum and Dad. You always let me follow my own path in life. Thank you for
your endless love, patience and support. You taught me to work hard and not to be afraid
to reach far,
• my friends, You went with me through all ups and downs. If it hadn’t been for your
support, I wouldn’t have made it,
• Fabien, for giving me a lot of support and motivation in the last, the most difficult
part of this PhD,
• many others who are not mentioned here, but helped me a lot.
3CONTENTS
1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Goals of the study .................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Outline of the thesis ................................................................................................. 9
2 Lagoons ........................................................................................................................... 9
2.1 Lagoon habitats ....................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Colonization and gene flow in lagoon habitats ..................................................... 10
3 Basic information on Cerastoderma glaucum .............................................................. 13
3.1 Distribution and ecological preferences ................................................................ 13
3.2 Life history ............................................................................................................. 14
3.3 Diet ......................................................................................................................... 15
3.4 On taxonomy, divergence and fossil record of C. glaucum ................................... 15
3.5 Distinguishing between C. glaucum and C. edule ................................................. 18
Chapter I: Studies on morphometry and physiology of Cerastoderma glaucum ................ 22
4 Interest in studying physiological responses of C. glaucum ......................................... 22
5 Materials and methods .................................................................................................. 24
5.1 Sampling and hydrological conditions of sampling sites ...................................... 24
5.1.1 Hydrological conditions in the Gulf of Gdask .............................................. 26
5.1.2 Hydrological conditions in the Lake Veere .................................................... 27
5.1.3 Hydrological conditions in the Berre Lagoon ................................................ 29
5.2 Morphometric and physiological analysis ............................................................. 31
6 Results ........................................................................................................................... 33
7 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 38
7.1 Environmental conditions ...................................................................................... 38
7.2 Morphometric parameters and condition index .................................................... 39
7.3 Reproduction .......................................................................................................... 40
7.4 Gross biochemical composition ............................................................................. 41
7.5 Respiration ............................................................................................................. 43
8 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 44
Chapter II: Phylogeography of Cerastoderma glaucum ...................................................... 45
9 Theoretical background ................................................................................................ 45
9.1 Factors influencing genetic structures in marine species ..................................... 45
9.1.1 Role of glaciations in genetic structures of marine species............................ 45
9.1.2 Dispersal modes and barriers in marine species; the case of C. glaucum ..... 46
9.2 Different properties of genetic markers applied .................................................... 49
9.3 Theoretical context of methods applied to analyze genetic data ........................... 53
9.3.1 Genetic diversity within populations .............................................................. 53
9.3.2 F-statistics ..............................................................................