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Year 2009 N° d'ordre : 09MULH........
STENT FOR PERCUTANEOUS
HEART VALVE IMPLANTATION
by
Coralie Marchand
Supervisors : Pr B.Durand, Dr F.Heim
Thesis
presented to the
University of Mulhouse
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor in Mechanics
th
Submitted : May 22 , 2009
Examination Committee :
Pr. Subhash K. BATRA NC State University, USA reviewer
Pr Régis RIEU Université Aix Marseille 2 reviewer
Pr Nabil CHAKFE Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg examiner
Pr Bernard DURAND Université de Mulhouse PhD Advisor
Dr Frédéric HEIM Université de Mulhouse PhD co-Advisor
conducted at
UNIVERSITE DE HAUTE ALSACE, E.D. 494
Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique Textiles, UMR CNRS 7189 Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of contents 1
French & English Short Abstracts 5
Substantial French Abstract 6
Introduction 18
Chapter I BIBLIOGRAPHY 21
1 HEART AND BLOOD CIRCULATION 21
1.1 The heart 21
1.2 Cardiac valves : geometry 22
2 AORTIC VALVE : anatomy 24
2.1 The aortic annulus 25
2.2 Valve leaflet : anatomy 25
2.3 Sinus and leaflets : geometry 26
2.4 Valve dimensions 27
3 VALVE DYNAMICAL BEHAVIOR 29
3.1 The closing mechanism 29
3.2 Dynamics of the valve system 29
3.3 Conclusions 31
4 AORTIC VALVE : the prostheses 32
4.1 Mechanical prostheses 32
1 Table of Contents
4.2 Bioprostheses 33
4.3 Mechanical versus Biological prostheses 33
5 PERCUTANEOUS VASCULAR SURGERY 35
5.1 The concept 35
5.2 History of percutaneous surgery 35
5.3 Vascular stents 36
5.4 Vascular endoprostheses 43
5.5 Materials and geometries 45
5.6 The limits of vascular stents 45
6 HEART VALVE PERCUTANEOUS IMPLANTATION 57
6.1 What are the needs ? 57
6.2 History 57
6.3 State of the technology 60
6.4 Implantation techniques 68
6.5 Challenges 69
6.6 Future of PVT 74
6.7 Conclusion 75
Chapter II STENT DESIGN AND MECHANICAL
BEHAVIOR 76
1 INTRODUCTION 76
2 THE CONCEPT 77
3 THE MATERIAL 79
3.1 Self expanding structure 80
3.2 Interaction with tissues 81
2 Table of Contents
4 THE STENT'S STRUCTURE 85
4.1 The arms 86
4.2 The posts 93
4.3 Braided elements 97
Chapter III STENT MANUFACTURING 112
1 STENT GEOMETRY AND CONSTRUCTION PARAMETERS 112
1.1 Constraints related to braiding 113
1.2 Constraints related to assembling 116
1.3 Geometrical specifications 118
1.4 Final values adopted for the stent parameters 130
2 MATERIAL SHAPE SETTING 133
2.1 Nitinol and thermal treatment 133
2.2 The results 140
Chapter IV TESTING BENCH 151
1 INTRODUCTION 151
2 THE MOCK AORTIC ROOT 152
2.1 The native aortic root 152
2.2 The mock silicon root 152
3 TESTING UNDER STATIC CONDITIONS 156
3.1 The static testing bench 156
3 Table of Contents
4 TESTING UNDER DYNAMIC CONDITIONS 157
4.1 The existing bench 157
4.2 Bench model 159
4.3 Bench modifications