Securing the supply chain: does the container security initiative comply with WTO law? [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von: Christopher Dallimore
387
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English
Documents
2009
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387
pages
English
Ebook
2009
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Publié par
Publié le
01 janvier 2009
Nombre de lectures
15
Langue
English
Poids de l'ouvrage
2 Mo
Publié par
Publié le
01 janvier 2009
Nombre de lectures
15
Langue
English
Poids de l'ouvrage
2 Mo
Securing the Supply Chain: Does the
Container Security Initiative Comply with
WTO Law?
INAUGURAL-DISSERTATION
Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Rechte durch die
Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität zu Münster
Vorgelegt von Christopher Dallimore
Aus Wells, Somerset, Großbritannien
2008
Erster Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Hans-Michael Wolffgang, Institut für
Zoll- und Verbrauchsteuerrecht, Westfälische
Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Deutschland
Zweiter Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. David Widdowson, Centre for
Customs and Excise, University of Canberra,
Australien
Dekan: Prof. Dr. Hans-Dietrich Steinmeyer
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 11. November 2008
Foreword
This study was accepted as a dissertation by the Law Faculty of the Wilhelminian University of
Münster in Westphalia during the winter semester of 2008.
I would like to thank Professor Dr. Hans-Michael Wolffgang for his supervision and support
during the writing of the study and Professor Dr. David Widdowson of the Centre for Customs
and Excise of Canberra University, Australia for producing the second opinion.
I dedicate this work to my parents and brother, in recognition of their encouragement and
support.
Münster im November, 2008 Christopher Dallimore
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 5
THESIS AND METHOD OF INVESTIGATION................................................................ 9
A. MARITIME SECURITY MEASURES FOLLOWING 9/11................................... 12
1. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES.................................................................................. 13
1.1. Unilateral Security Measures .......................................................................... 13
1.2. Bilateral Agreements ....................................................................................... 16
1.3. Multilateral Framework .................................................................................. 17
1.4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Unilateral and Multilateral Approaches .. 20
2. SECURITY MEASURES AT NATIONAL LEVEL .............................................................. 23
2.1. The Maritime Transportation Security Policy of the United States ................. 23
2.1.1 The Container Security Initiative..................................................................................28
2.1.2. The Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism....................................................29
2.1.3. The Secure Freight Initiative.........................................................................................30
2.1.4. The Megaport Initiative.................................................................................................32
2.1.5. Operation Safe Commerce ............................................................................................32
2.1.6. The Proliferation Security Initiative.............................................................................33
2.1.7. The Smart Box Initiative ...............................................................................................34
2.2. Legislative Instruments Relating to the CSI..................................................... 34
2.2.1. Homeland Security Act 2002........................................................................................35
2.2.2. US PATRIOT Act 2002 ................................................................................................36
2.2.3. The Maritime Transportation Security Act 2002.........................................................37
2.2.4. The Trade Act 2002.......................................................................................................38
2.2.5. The Security and Accountability for Every Port Act 2006.........................................39
2.2.6. Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act 2007 .......................41
3. SECURITY MEASURES AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL ..................................................... 42
3.1. International Organizations............................................................................. 45
3.1.1 United Nations’ Resolutions .........................................................................................46
3.1.2. Co-operative G8 Action on Transport Security...........................................................47
3.1.3. International Ship and Port Facility Security Code.....................................................48
3.1.4. The WCO Framework of Standards .............................................................................49
3.1.5. The SUA Convention 1988...........................................................................................51
3.1.6. Other Instruments Relevant to Maritime Security.......................................................53
3.2. The European Union........................................................................................ 56
4. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................. 57
B. THE CONTAINER SECURITY INITIATIVE......................................................... 61
1. SUBSTANCE OF THE MEASURE ................................................................................... 61
1.1. Use of Terminology in the Container Security Initiative......................................... 65
1.2. Identification of High-Risk Containers ............................................................ 70
1.2.1. The 24 Hour Rule ..........................................................................................................71
1.2.2. Data Processing and Risk Assessment.........................................................................75
1.3. Pre-Screening Containers at the Port of Departure........................................ 77
1.3.1. The Declaration of Principles .......................................................................................80
1.3.2. Stationing of U.S. Customs Officers at Foreign Seaports...........................................85
1.4. Use of Technology to Scan High-Risk Containers........................................... 87
1.5. Use of Smarter, Tamper-Evident Containers................................................... 90
1.6. Benefits of CSI Participation ........................................................................... 92
2. ADMINISTRATION....................................................................................................... 93
2.1. The Department of Homeland Security........................................................................94
i
2.2. The Directorate of Border and Transportation Security..............................................96
2.3. U.S. Customs and Border Protection Bureau (CBP)...................................................97
2.4. The National Targeting Centre (NTC).......................................................................103
2.5. Government Accountability Office ............................................................................103
3. CONCLUSION............................................................................................................ 104
C. COMPLIANCE WITH WTO LAW......................................................................... 112
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 112
1.1. Scope of Investigation.................................................................................... 114
1.2. Methodology .................................................................................................. 115
2. TRADE EFFECTS OF THE CONTAINER SECURITY INITIATIVE ..................................... 115
2.1. Trade in Services ........................................................................................... 116
2.2. Trade in Goods .............................................................................................. 119
2.3. Parties Affected by the Container Security Initiative..................................... 121
2.4. Complaints by Private Parties ....................................................................... 123
2.5. Complaints by Member States ....................................................................... 127
3. THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES ............................................... 128
3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 128
3.2. Maritime Transportation Services under the GATS....................................... 129
