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N° d’ordre: 2010-28
ÉCOLE CENTRALE DE LYON
THÈSE
Présentée publiquement en vue de l’obtention du grade de
DOCTEUR DE L’ ÉCOLE CENTRALE DE LYON
Discipline: Dispositifs de l’Électronique Intégrée
Par
Gang NIU
Epitaxy of crystalline oxides for functional
materials integration on silicon
Thèse préparée à l’INL – Ecole Centrale de Lyon
Sous la direction de Guy Hollinger
Soutenance le 20/10/2010 devant la commission d’examen composée par
M. Christian BRYLINSKI Professeur, LMI-Lyon 1, Lyon Rapporteur
M. Emmanuel DEFAY C. I., LETI-CEA, Grenoble Rapporteur
Mme. Pascale ROY D. R., SOLEIL-CNRS, Paris Examinateur
M. Wilfrid PRELLIER D. R., CRISMAT-CNRS, Caen Examinateur
M. Guillaume SAINT-GIRONS C. R., INL-CNRS, Ecully Co-encadrant
M. Bertrand VILQUIN MCF, INL-ECL, Ecully Co-encadrant
M. Guy HOLLINGER D. R., INL-CNRS, Ecully Directeur
Content
General Introduction .......................................................................................... 1
Chapter I: Epitaxial crystalline oxides on silicon for future micro- and
optoelectronic systems......................................................................................... 5
I.1) Whither microelectronic industry?.................................................................................. 7
I.1.1) History and context.................................................................................................... 7
I.1.2) Future evolution of microelectronics industry........................................................... 8
I.2) Monolithic integration of various materials on Si........................................................ 10
I.2.1) High-k oxides .......................................................................................................... 10
I.2.1.1) Scaling and the replacement of SiO ...................................................... 10 2
I.2.1.2) Criteria of high-k oxides selection.......................................................... 11
I.2.1.3) The choice of crystalline gadolinium oxide............................................ 13
I.2.2) Functional perovskite oxides................................................................................... 15
I.2.2.1) Introduction ............................................................................................ 15
I.2.2.2) Piezoelectricity ....................................................................................... 16
I.2.2.3) Ferroelectricity........................................................................................ 18
I.2.2.3) Ferromagnetism...................................................................................... 22
I.2.3) Germanium and III-V semiconductors .................................................................... 23
I.2.3.1) Introduction ............................................................................................ 23
I.2.3.2) High mobility channels for CMOS......................................................... 24
I.2.4) Summary.................................................................................................................. 26
I.3) State of arts of the systems studied in this thesis .......................................................... 26
I.3.1) Gadolinium oxide on silicon (Gd O /Si)................................................................. 26 2 3
I.3.2) Strontium titanate and perovskite functional oxides on Silicon .............................. 28
I.3.3) Germanium on oxides/Si templates......................................................................... 30
I.3.3) State of art and strategy at INL................................................................................ 31
I.4) Motivations and goals of this thesis ............................................................................... 32
I.5) Reference.......................................................................................................................... 33
Chapter II: Epitaxy and characterization principles and methodologies ...47
II.1) Introduction.................................................................................................................... 49
II.2) Physical principles of epitaxial growth ........................................................................ 49
II.2.1) Atomic process of growth on surfaces ................................................................... 49
II.2.2) Surface, interface energy and growth modes ......................................................... 51
II.2.3) Heteroepitaxy: elastic deformation and relaxation modes ..................................... 53
i
Content
II.3) Experimental techniques............................................................................................... 57
II.3.1) Molecular Beam Epitaxy........................................................................................ 57
II.3.1.1) Introduction .............................................................................................................57
II.3.1.2) Description of epitaxy reactor for oxides ................................................................59
II.3.1.3) Ex-situ characterization methods.............................................................................62
II.3.2) Electrical characterization methods ....................................................................... 64
II.3.2.1) Post Deposition Annealing (PDA): tubular furnace and RTA .................................64
II.3.2.2) The choice of substrates and gate metals.................................................................65
II.3.2.3) Fabrication of MOS capacities by lift-off method...................................................67
II.3.2.4) C-V and I-V measurements .....................................................................................68
II.3.2.5) Determination of EOT of high-k dielectrics using TCV program ...........................70
II.3.2.6) Determination of other crucial parameters for high-k dielectric..............................72
II.3.2.7) Determination of parameters for MFIS structure ....................................................75
II.4) Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 75
II.5) Reference ........................................................................................................................ 76
Chapter III: Epitaxial growth of crystalline oxides on Si: SrTiO and Gd O3 2 3
.............................................................................................................................79
III.1) Introduction .................................................................................................................. 81
III.2) Preparation of silicon surface...................................................................................... 81
III.2.1) Chemical treatment of Si substrate ....................................................................... 81
III.2.2) Strontium passivated Si (001) surface .................................................................. 86
III.3) Epitaxial growth “window” of SrTiO /Si (001) ......................................................... 89 3
III.3.1) Introduction........................................................................................................... 89
III.3.2) Homoepitaxy of SrTiO ........................................................................................ 90 3
III. 3.2.1) Preparation of the STO substrate ..........................................................................90
III. 3.2.2) Epitaxial growth of STO on STO substrate...........................................................91
III.3.3) SrTiO /Si (001): growth temperature dependence................................................ 92 3
III.3.3.1) RHEED ..................................................................................................................94
III.3.3.2) TEM .......................................................................................................................95
III.3.3.3) XRD .......................................................................................................................96
III.3.3.4) IR (work of W. Peng, collaboration with SOLEIL) ...............................................99
III.3.3.5) Influence of initial oxygen partial pressure..........................................................102
III.3.4) SrTiO film grown under optimal conditions ..................................................... 105 3
III.3.4.1) Two-phased STO, strain relaxation ......................................................................105
III.3.4.2) Formation of the two STO phases........................................................................ 113
III.3.4.3) Discussion on the origin of the t-STO phase........................................................ 119
III.3.4.4) THz IR evidence of the two-phased STO and relaxation.....................................120
III.3.4.5) Evo