Development and evaluation of rapid and semi-automated devices for the detection of toxic algae [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Sonja Diercks

D

EVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF RAPID AND SEMI-

AUTOMATED DEVICES FOR THE DETECTION OF TOXIC ALGAE

Dissertation

zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades

eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften

-Dr. rer. nat.-

im Fachbereich 2 (Biologie/Chemie)

der Universität Bremen

vorgelegt von

Sonja Diercks

Bremen, Januar 2007

1.

2.

Gutachter: Prof. Dr. G. O. Kirst

Gutachter: Prof. Dr. A. D. Cembella

Tag des öffentlichen Kolloquium

s: Universität Bremen, 2. April 2007

it erkläre ich, dass ich die vorliegende Hierm

n selbständig verfasst und keine Dissertatio

anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel verwendet habe. Die entnommen Stellen

acht. inhaltlich als solche kenntlich gemrken wurden wörtlich oder eaus benutzen W

Sonja Diercks

Table of Contents

1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION………………..…………………………………………
……………………………………………………......UL ALGAL BLOOMSARMF1.1 H…………………………………………………..1.1.1 Associated human illnesses……………………………………...1.1.2 Aquaculture and harmful algal blooms……………………………………………….ONITORING OF PHYTOPLANKTON1.2 M………………………………………………………………………1.2.1 Methods1.2.1.1 Mouse bioassay…………………………………………………………...1.2.1.2 Methods for the detection of toxins………………………………………1.2.1.3 Counting techniques……………………………………………………....ote sensing using satellites…………………………..1.2.1.4 Data buoys and remolecular probes 1.2.1.5 Detection of harmful algae using m or antibodies……………………………………………………………....…………………………………………..…………………………..IOSENSORSB1.3……………………………..……………………………………...IM OF THESIS1.4 A……………………………………………………………….UTLINE OF THESIS1.5 O1.5.1 Development and adaptation of molecular probes for sandwich ………………………………………………………ntiohybridiza…………………………1.5.2 Design and evaluation of probe sets for toxic algae……………………………………….….1.5.3 Improvement of detection protocol……………..…...1.5.4 Assessment of probe modification for signal enhancement…………………………………1.5.5 Development and evaluation of a biosensor……………………………………………………………………….TIONSUBLICAP2.…………...………………………………………….........PUBLICATIONSIST OF 2.1 L………………………..BLICATIONSTATEMENT OF MY CONTRIBUTION TO THE PU2.2 S2.3PUBLICATION I:COLORIMETRIC DETECTION OF THE TOXIC DINOFLA-
GELLATE ALEXANDRIUM MINUTUM USING SANDWICH HYBRIDIZATION
………………………………………………....... IN A MICROTITER PLATE ASSAY 2.4PUBLICATION II:MOLECULAR PROBES FOR THE DETECTION OF TOXIC
…………………………R USE IN SANDWICH HYBRIDIZATION FORMATS ALGAE FO 2.5PUBLICATION III:ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION OF TOXIC ALGAE
WITH A BIOSENSOR………………………………………………………………..

1146777899

10111212

1213141415161617

183955

EIV:UBLICATION P2.6

VALUATION OF LOCKED NUCLEIC ACIDS FOR SIGNAL ENHANCEMENT OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES FOR

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

MICROALGAE IMMOBILIZED ON SOLID SURFACES………………………………....

2.7PUBLICATION V:DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF A SEMI-

AUTOMATED RRNA BIOSENSOR FOR THE DETECTION OF TOXIC ALGAE…………...

…………………………………………………………………….……..ISYNTHESS

……………DETECTION OF TOXIC ALGAL SPECIESOLORIMETRIC ASSAY FOR THE C3.1

……………

………………………………………….SSESSMENT OF SIGNAL ENHANCEMENTA3.2

D3.3

ETECTION OF TOXIC ALGAL SPECIES USING MULTIPROBE CHIPS AND ………………………………………………………AUTOMATED DEVICE- A SEMI

FUTURE RESEARCH………………………………………………………………....

ARYUMM S……………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………...USAMMENFASSUNG Z

………………………………………………………………………...EFERENCES R

……………………………………………………………………….UNGAGANKS D

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General Introduction

1.General Introduction

l Algal Blooms Harmfu1.1

Oceans, the origin of life, harbour com

n communities, which play antoplex phytoplank

important role in marine biological ecosystems. Microalgae are the major producers of

biomass and organic compounds in the oceans because of their photosynthetic activity and

lve shellfish (oysters, mussels, c food chain. Filter feeding bivarepresent the base of the aquati

scallops, clams, etc.), the larvae of crustaceans and finfish feed primarily on microalgae

(Hallegraeff 2003). About 5000 species of marine microalgae are known to date (Sournia et

bers that they discolour the proliferate in such high nume 300 species can al. 1991) and som

surface of the sea (Daranas et al. 2001; Hallegraeff 2003) as a so-called bloom (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Bloom of Noctiluca scintillas in October 2002, Leigh, New Zealand (photo: Miriam

Godfrey)

croalgal population activated by suitable iThis is regarded as a sudden increase in the m

45growth conditions so that concentrations of 10 cells per litre can be reached for a certain–10

period of time (Masó and Garces 2006). A bloom can be dominated by a particular species or

itiation of a blooma group of species (Masó and Garces 2006). The in of requires an inoculum

y involve different life stages, e.g., cysts amcells, which can be from several sources and

(Steidinger and Garcés 2006), as well as favourable environmental conditions of temperature,

1

General Introduction

light, nutrients and water salinity (Zingone and Enevoldsen 2000; Daranas et al. 2001).

ental conditions, such as is triggered by inappropriate environmination of a bloomTerm

r and Garcés 2006). nutrient-deplete water, zooplankton predation or advection (Steidinge

Also viral termination of algal blooms of Heterosigma akashiwo,Emiliana huxleyi and

have been observed (Bratbak et al. 1996; Brussaard et al. 2005).Phaeocystis globosa

rous phytoplankton species and alternation eplex life cycles are described for numCom

between dormant, benthic stage and a motile, vegetative existence can take place. Dormant

cysts or resting spores can be formed from many marine phytoplankton species during their

life history and may play a an important role in bloom initiation (Zingone and Enevoldsen

s, reproduce by asexual, llates and diatom2000). Most toxic or harmful species, dinoflage

binary division; however, sexuality can be induced under certain conditions. Morphological

ed during the life zygotes and cysts) are formetes,and physiologically distinct cell types (gam

s of dinoflagellates are annual events; the st algae (Anderson et al. 2003). Bloomocycle of m

ented in the spring. Sexual reproduction often first increase of populations is usually docum

a few hours several in period of vegetative growth and can last fromaoccurs following the m

days. The resulting zygote is usually a restingstage or cyst. Cyst production is also assumed

to be seasonal, because different dinoflagellate species becomese abundant at different tim

abundance within the phytoplankton ume species attain their maximduring the year. Som

during the season spring and, therefore, formcysts in the late spring to early summer (e.g.,

Protoceratium,Alexandrium tamarense). Other species (e.g., Protoperidinium oblongum

y exhibit two annual peaks in abundance and hence two peaks of encystma) mreticulatument

(Harland et al. 2004). Diatoms reproduce by asexual division until cell size reaches a

minimum threshold level, usually below 30%–40% of the dimensions of the maximum cell

size (Aminitiates sexual reproduction, which can be associated with ato et al. 2005). This

increased photoperiod length (Steidinger and Garcés 2006). Life cycle investigations of

s have shown, that, within a population, sexual reproduction is a nearly synchronous diatom

2 to 40 varying from occurs within a restricted size window, with a periodicity event which

years (Mann 1988; Amato et al. 2005). Thick-walled resting cysts are occasionally formed

from diatoms mainly towards the end of a bloom. They settle to the bottom or accumulate at

e dinoflagellate cysts Steidinger and Garcés 2006). Sompycnoclines (Anderson et al. 2003;

can remain viable in the sediments for several years, ready to germinate when conditions

it (Zingone and Enevoldsen 2000; Daranas et al. 2001; Anderson et al. 2003).perm

2

General Introduction

In most cases, the proliferation of microalgae is a normal event and can be beneficial for
consists of harmful algae, it can the bloomaquaculture and fisheries operations. However if ic losses to aquaculture, fisheries and also have a negative effect and cause severe econom (Hallegraeff 2003). Three different types of HABs have been delineated by tourismlessHallegraeff (2003). The first type represents species that produce basically harmbut which can, under exceptional conditions, such as sheltered ter,adiscolorations of the ws that cause indiscriminate kills of fish and invertebrates through dense bloombays, formoxygen depletion (e.g., Noctiluca scintillans). Species that produce potent toxins form the
second type are e.g., species of the genera Alexandrium,Dinophysis or Pseudo-nitzschia.
ans and cause a variety of Their toxins can find their way through the food chain to humgastrointestinal and neurological illnesses. The third type is presented by species that are non-
toxic to humans but harmful to fish and invertebrates by damaging or clogging the gills or gill
) (Hallegraeff 2003). The mulina polylepsisChrysochroPrymnesium parvum,tissue (e.g., on of harmful species, even the most toxic pact of HABs is defined by the concentratiimspecies must occur with a minimum cell concentration to exert a harmful effect (Zingone and
ainlycroalgal spec