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THÈSE
présentée à
L’UNIVERSITÉ BORDEAUX 1
ÉCOLE DOCTORALE DE SCIENCES PHYSIQUES ET DE L’INGENIEUR
par Luca TESTA
POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE
DOCTEUR
SPÉCIALITÉ : ELECTRONIQUE
Contribution to the Built‐In Self‐Test for RF VCOs
Soutenue le: 26 Mars 2010
Après avis de:
MM. H. BARTHÉLEMY Professeur, Polytech Marseille Rapporteur
M. RENOVELL Directeur de recherche CNRS, LIRMM, Montpellier Rapporteur
Devant la commission d’examen formée de :
MM. H. BARTHÉLEMY Professeur, Polytech Marseille Rapporteur
M. RENOVELL Directeur de recherche CNRS, LIRMM, Montpellier Rapporteur
V. LAGARESTE Ingénieur à STMicroelectronics Examinateur
J‐B. BEGUERET Professeur, Université de Bordeaux 1 Président
Y. DEVAL ENSEIRB, Bordeaux 1 Directeur de thèse
H. LAPUYADE Maitre de Conférences, Université de Bordeaux 1 Co‐directeur de thèse
‐2010‐ Contents
Introduction.…………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………….…….1
I. State‐of‐the‐art ................................................................................................................... 7
I.1. Definitions used in the test domain ........................................................................................ 7
I.1.1 Defining defect, fault and failure 7
I.1.2 Defining catastrophic and parametric faults ....................................................................... 7
I.1.3 Mechanisms of generation of a defect................................................................................ 8
I.1.4 Fault Coverage 10
I.2. BIST strategies ....................................................................................................................... 10
I.2.1 Functional Test (specification‐based) ................................................................................ 11
I.2.2 Conclusion on Functional Test........................................................................................... 17
I.2.3 Structural Test (defect‐oriented) ...................................................................................... 18
I.2.4 Conclusion on Structural Test ............................................................................................ 21
I.3. Detectors ............................................................................................................................... 21
I.3.1 Built‐In Current Sensors (BICS) .......................................................................................... 22
I.3.2 Power sensors ................................................................................................................... 24
I.3.3 Amplitude sensors ............................................................................................................. 27
I.3.4 Frequency‐meters 28
I.3.5 Comparative table for detectors ....................................................................................... 31
I.4. Choice of the Circuit Under Test ........................................................................................... 31
I.4.1 Voltage‐Controlled Oscillator ............................................................................................ 31
I.4.2 PLL ..................................................................................................................................... 32
I.4.3 Phase noise ........................................................................................................................ 34
I.4.4 Condition for oscillation and possible implementations of the VCO ................................ 34
I.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 37
I.6. References 38
II Choice of the bist strategy and of the system architecture ............. 42
II.1 Choice of a structural test for BIST of the RF VCO ................................................................ 42
II.2 Catastrophic Fault Simulation ............................................................................................... 42
II.3 Extensive fault coverage campaign on two VCOs ................................................................. 45
II.3.1 The telecommunication standard addressed by the VCO ............................................. 45
II.3.2 The circuit under test .................................................................................................... 46
II.3.3 Catastrophic Fault injection ........................................................................................... 48
II.3.4 Parametric Fault injection ............................................................................................. 49
II.3.5 Decision of the signals to take into account .................................................................. 50
II.3.6 Choice of the acceptance boundaries ........................................................................... 51
II.3.7 Fault coverage for catastrophic faults – a first screening ............................................. 53
II.3.8 Fault coverage for parametric faults ‐ decision of the signal to monitor ...................... 54
II.4 Choice and design of the system architecture ...................................................................... 55
II.4.1 LDO – power management for the CUT ........................................................................ 56
II.4.2 Voltage‐Controlled Oscillator – the CUT ....................................................................... 62
II.4.3 The BIST ......................................................................................................................... 69
II.5 Transparency of the BIST ....................................................................................................... 85
II.6 Corrective feedback............................................................................................................... 86
II.6.1 Advantages and drawbacks of the proposed architecture for the feedback ................ 88
II.6.2 Proposed scenarios 88
II.6.3 Implementation of a “discrete” feedback triggered by the logic output of the BIST ... 91
II.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 94
II.8 References 95
III Measurements of the bist architecture for wafer sort ........................ 98
III.1 Measurement of the stand‐alone building blocks for the BIST ............................................. 98
III.1.1 Design of the Printed Circuit Board ............................................................................... 99
III.1.2 Measurement of the temperature and supply‐voltage independent