Conception et contrôle d’un générateur PV actif à stockage intégré : application à l’agrégation de producteurs-consommateurs dans le cadre d’un micro réseau intelligent urbain, Design and control of a PV active generator with integrated energy storages : application to the aggregation of producers and consumers In an urban micro smart grid

N° d’ordre : 147

ECOLE CENTRALE DE LILLE



THESE

Présentée en vue
d’obtenir le grade de


DOCTEUR

en

Spécialité : Génie Electrique

par

Di LU


DOCTORAT DELIVRE PAR L’ECOLE CENTRALE DE LILLE


Titre de la thèse :
Conception et contrôle d’un générateur PV actif à stockage intégré
Application à l’agrégation de producteurs-consommateurs
dans le cadre d’un micro réseau intelligent urbain

Soutenue le 16 décembre 2010 devant le jury d’examen :

Rapporteur Hamid BEN AHMED, Dr, Maître de Conférences HDR, ENS Cachan Bretagne, SATIE
Pascal MAUSSION, Professeur, INPT-ENSEEIHT, LAPLACE Rapporteur
Examinateur Jean-Luc THOMAS, Professeur, CNAM, Equipe de recherche SUPELEC – Dpt. Energie
Christophe FORGEZ, Professeur, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, LEC
Examinateur Antoni ARIAS PUJOL, Associate professor, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain
Vladimir LAZAROV, Professeur, Université Technique de Sofia, Bulgarie
Examinateur Jean Francois LEROMANCER, Dr, KEYNERGIE
Bruno FRANÇOIS, Dr, Maître de Conférences HDR, Ecole Centrale de Lille, L2EP Directeur de thèse



Thèse préparée dans le Laboratoire L2EP, EA2697
Ecole Doctorale SPI 072
tel-00586393, version 1 - 15 Apr 2011Preface
The work, which is presented in this PhD thesis, has been done at the “Laboratoire
d'Electrotechnique et d'Electronique de Puissance de Lille” (L2EP), from October 2007 to
October 2010. This work has been carried out as a part of a research project “ANR–
SUPERENER”, at Ecole Centrale de Lille with the support of the French National Research
Agency (ANR).
Acknowledgements
This dissertation is not only a result of my own dedication and perseverance, but is largely
a credit to the patient and helpful people that I have worked with and to the supporting of
understanding people that I have lived with over these past three years. I would like to take
this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who contributed to this work.
My sincere thanks go to my supervisor, Dr. Bruno FRANCOIS, for his confidence in me
throughout this project and for his valuable guidance during the study.
For their participation in the scientific evaluation of this work, I would also like to thank
members of the jury, Professor Pascal MAUSSION, Dr. Hamid BEN AHMED, Professor
Jean-Luc THOMAS, Professor Christophe FORGEZ, Dr Antoni ARIAS PUJOL, Professor
Vladimir LAZAROV and Dr Jean François LE ROMANCER for their valuable discussions
and insightful comments during the writing of the manuscript.
Many thanks go also to Xavier CIMETIERE, Simon THOMY, Christophe RYMEK and
Hicham FAKHAM for their enormous help on implementation of the experimental test bench
at Ecole Centrale de Lille. Equally, I am very grateful to the Professor Xavier GUILLAUD
and Frédéric COLAS for their constructive suggestions and continuous help during my work
on the platform « Energies Réparties » at the L2EP research center: Arts & Métiers Paristech.
I would like also to thank my colleagues in the Grid Network Team (Hicham FAKAM,
Peng LI, Tao ZHOU, He ZHANG, Vincent COURTECUISSE, Gauthier DELILLE, Amir
AHMIDI, Arnaud VERGNOL, Fouad SALHA, Firas ALKHALIL, Ling PENG, Ye WANG)
and my colleagues in the L2EP (Xavier MARGUERON, Guillaume PARENT, Francois
GRUSON, Souleymane BERTHE, Jinlin GONG, Wenhua TAN, Aymen AMMAR, Ramzi
BEN-AYED, Alexandru Claudiu BERBECEA, Martin CANTEGREL, Nicolas
BRACIKOWSKI, Mathieu ROSSI, Sophie FERNANDEZ) for their infinite friendship and
encouraging supports.
Finally, I am infinitely grateful to all my friends and my families for their moral support,
to my parents for their continuous encouragement, and also to my girlfriend Yu ANLU for
being supportive and understanding during these three years.
tel-00586393, version 1 - 15 Apr 2011Contents
General introduction……………………………...……...………...………1
Chapter I. Renewable energy based active generator…………….……..7
I.1. Introduction…………………………………………………….…………………11
I.2. Renewable energy……………………………………………….………………..11
I.2.1. Benefits of renewable energy……………………………….………………11
I.2.2. Dispatchable renewable energy based generators…………..………………12
I.2.3. Non-dispatchable renewable energy based generators………….………….13
I.2.4. Renewable energy development……………………………………………13
I.2.5. Constraints………………………………………………………………….14
I.3. Energy storage……………………………………………………………………15
I.3.1. Different kinds of energy storage…………………………………………..16
I.3.2. Long term energy storage and fast dynamic power storage………………..16
I.4. Hybrid power generator…………………………………………………………..17
I.4.1. Interest………………………………………………………………………17
I.4.2. Configuration of an hybrid power generator……………………………….17
I.4.3. Structure of the studied hybrid power generator……………………………21
I.5. Modeling of the studied hybrid power generator…………………………………22
I.5.1. Presentation ………………………………………………………………...22
I.5.2. PV panels…………………………………………………………………...23
I.5.3. Lead-acid battery…………………………………………………………...31
I.5.4. Ultracapacitor………………………………………………………………34
I.6. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..36
Chapter II. Control system of the active PV generator………………....37
II.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………….……..41
II.2. Modeling of the PV active generator……………………………………………42
II.2.1. Methods……………………………………………………………………42
II.2.2. PV power conversion system…………………………………….………..43
II.2.3. Batteries energy storage system…………………………………………...44
II.2.4. Ultracapacitors…………………………………………………………….45
II.2.5. Grid connection……………………………………………………………46
II.2.6. DC bus……………………………………………………………………..47
tel-00586393, version 1 - 15 Apr 2011II.2.7. Modeling of the entire PV energy conversion system…………………….48
II.3. Control of the active PV generator………………………………………………49
II.3.1. Hierarchical control structure……………………………………………...49
II.3.2. Automatic Control unit…………………………………………………….50
II.3.3. Power control unit …………………………………………………………56
II.4. Power balancing strategies for the active PV generator…………………………59
II.4.1. Role of the DC bus………………………………………………………...59
II.4.2. Normal mode………………………………………………………………60
II.4.3. PV limitation mode………………………………………………………...63
II.4.4. Disconnection mode……………………………………………………….64
II.4.5. Synthesis…………………………………………………………………...66
II.5. Control of operating modes……………………………………………………...69
II.6. Energy management of the embedded ultracapacitors…………………………..71
II.6.1. Energy level and management scheme…………………………………….71
II.6.2. Full ultracapacitors mode………………………………………………….71
II.6.3. Empty ultracapacitors mode……………………………………………….72
II.7. Simulation and experimental results………………………………………….….72
II.7.1. Simulation results …………………………………………………………72
II.7.2. Experimental results……………………………………………………….75
II.8. Conclusions………………………………………………………………….. ….77

Chapter III. Micro Grid framework for integrating DG in energy
management and control system of power network……………………..79
III.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………….83
III.2. Architecture of future electrical systems……………………………………….83
III.2.1. Issues……………………………………………………………………...83
III.2.2. Interest of micro grids and specificities…………………………………..85
III.2.3. Basic MG architectures…………………………………………………...85
III.2.4. Operation modes………………………………………………………….86
III.3. State of the art…………………………………………………………………..88
III.3.1. In Europe………………………………………………………………….88
III.3.2. In the United States……………………………………………………….92
III.3.3. In Japan…………………………………………………………………...94
tel-00586393, version 1 - 15 Apr 2011III.4. Dispatchable distributed generation for grid control…………………………96
III.4.1. Interest…………………………………………………………….……96
III.4.2. Classical isochronous speed control of conventional DGs….……….…96
III.4.3. Energy storage requirements in power systems………….……………..97
III.4.4. Control functions for grid connected inverters…………………… …. 97
III.4.5. Control strategies for a grid-connected mode of the microgrid……… . 98
III.4.6. Control strategies for a “Vf mode” in an islanded mode of the
microgrid…………………………..…………………………………. 101
III.4.7. Control capabilities of the PV based active generator…….………… .104
III.5. Control system for microgrids…………………………………………….…..104
III.5.1. Objectives and tasks…………………………………………….……….104
III.5.2. Communication system………………………………………….………105
III.5.3. Control functions and management tasks……………………….……….105
III.5.4. Time scale analyzing and implementation constraints………….……….106
III.5.5. Power management by sensing electrical quantities…………….………107
III.5.6. Energy management by signal communication…………………………109
III.6. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..115

Chapter IV. Planning and energy management system of a residential
micro grid…………………………………………………………………117
IV.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………121
IV.2. Residential network application……………………………………………….123
IV.2.1. Integration of the active generator in a home……………………………123
IV.2.2. Residential network and electrical system organizati