Antimicrobial activity of Thai traditional medicinal plants extract incorporated alginate-tapioca starch based edible films against food related bacteria including foodborne pathogens [Elektronische Ressource] / presented by Racha Tepsorn

Institute for Environmental and Animal Hygiene
and Veterinary Medicine (with Animal Clinic)
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
University of Hohenheim

Department: Environmental and Animal Health
Prof. Dr. Reinhard Böhm



Antimicrobial Activity of Thai Traditional Medicinal Plants Extract
Incorporated Alginate-Tapioca Starch Based Edible Films
against Food Related Bacteria Including Foodborne Pathogens




Dissertation
Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
“Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften”
(Dr.sc.agr. / Ph.D. in Agricultural Sciences)


to the
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences



Presented by
Racha Tepsorn
B.Sc., M.Sc. Food Science and Technology
Pattani, Thailand
Hohenheim 2009 This thesis was accepted as a doctoral dissertation in fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree “Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften” by the Faculty of Agricultural
Sciences at University of Hohenheim on 23 March 2009.















Date of oral examination: 20 April 2009

Examination Committee

Supervisor and Review Prof. Dr. Reinhard Böhm

Co-Reviewer Prof. Dr. Herbert Schmidt

Additional examiners Prof. Dr. Werner Bessei

Vice-Dean and Head of Committee Prof. Dr. Werner Bessei










Für die bedingungslose Liebe meiner Eltern und
meines Bruders, für mein geliebtes Heimatland und
dem thailändischen Volk, dem wirklich echten Besitzer
der verwendeten Pflanzen in dieser Arbeit.


แด ความร กอนย งใหญ ของ คณพ อ ค ณแม และพชาย
แด แผ นด นไทย บานเกดอ นเป นท ร ก และชาวไทยท กท าน
ผเป นเจ าของภ ม ป ญญา และพชพรรณไม
ทใช ในการทดลองน อย างแท จร ง













ิั่ูิุิืุั่ั่ิีัิีุ่ีีู้Acknowledgement i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would sincerealy like to express my most profound thanks to my advisors, Prof. Dr.
Reinhard Böhm, for his dedicative continuous support, guidance, encouragement, expertise,
and invaluable advice throughout the study period at University of Hohenheim, Germany.
Without him the work would never have been undertaken. Grateful thanks are also extended
to Prof. Dr. Herbert Schmidt, my co-reviewer and Prof. Dr. Werner Bessei, my additional
examiner for their helps and suggestions to complete this dissertation.

I would also like to express my sincere and heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Birgit Hunsinger for her
guidance, friendship and support throughout the research and writing of this dissertation. Her
patience and attention to the many details have helped me to remain on the path during the
long and arduous course of my study. Without her, there would be no this dissertation.

Honestly thanks to Ven. Prasit Nanthasittho for his unconditioned and unlimited spirit and his
Buddhism’s dharmic principle, leading me constantly to the right and bright way. Sincerely
thremember to the 19 monk group of Phradhammagaya Temple, Thailand for their goodwill
and wish to make me warm during the serious winter in Germany.

I also thank my colleagues at the Institute for Environmental and Animal Hygiene, University
of Hohenheim for their supports in various ways. Sincere thanks in particular to Angela Ortiz;
Beate Filohn; Petra Veit; and Slyvia Speck for their invaluable helps and technical supports;
Mrs. Kinzler for her administration suports and also to my thanksworthly friends, Mumi,
Karen, Saskia, Philipp, Greta, Phon, Mint and all Thai students in Stuttgart, especially, Tik,
Jay, Suwit, June, Tor, Auddy, Noi, Hope, Nop, Kae, Jeab, Beer, Eye, Am and Dreas for their
invaluable friendships.

This work had been funded by a grant from the German Accademic Exchange Service
(DAAD). Without this grant, this work would have been very difficult unless imposible.

I will be ever grateful for the unconditioned love of my heroic parents, Mr. Pakorn Tepsorn
and Mrs. Angkana Tepsorn, my brother, Mr. Noppasoon Tepsorn, and all the member of my
kindred. Without you all being there, this dissertation would never been completed.

Racha Tepsorn
Stuttgart-Hohenheim, January 2009
Table of contents ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ii

LIST OF USED ABBREVIATIONS.........................................................................ix

1 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE................................................................1
1.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................1
1.2 Objective..............................................................................................................3

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE...............................................................................4
2.1 Medicinal Plants (Herbs) .....................................................................................4
2.1.1 Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees (King of bitters).........5
2.1.2 Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe (Zedoary) ......................................9
2.1.3 Gracinia mangostana L. (Mangosteen)...................................................12
2.1.4 Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Roselle)..............................................................14
2.1.5 Musa sapientum L. (Banana) ...................................................................17
2.1.6 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Lotus) ...........................................................19
2.1.7 Piper betle L. (Betel leaf or Betelvine)....................................................25
2.1.8 Punica granatum L. (Pomegranate).........................................................27
2.1.9 Psidium guajava L. (Guava)....................................................................31
2.2 Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plants, Spices, and their Essential
Oil ......................................................................................................................34
2.2.1 In Vitro Test of Antimicrobial Activity ...................................................34
2.2.2 Tests of Antibacterial Activity of Medicinal Plants, Spices and their
Essential Oils in Food System .................................................................37
2.2.3 The Studies of Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plants, Spices
and their Extracts in Thailand against Foodborne Phathogens................46
2.3 Methods for Evaluation the Efficacy of Food Antimicrobial ............................47
2.3.1 In vitro Methods.......................................................................................47
2.3.2 Application Methods................................................................................56
2.3.3 Combination Studies................................................................................57
Table of contents iii
2.4 Active Packaging Technologies and its Applications........................................60
2.4.1 Oxygen Scavenging System ....................................................................60
2.4.2 Moisture-Absorbing and Controlling System..........................................61
2.4.3 Ethanol Generating Systems....................................................................62
2.4.4 Antimicrobial Migrating and Non-migrating Systems ............................63
2.5 Antimicrobial Biodegradable Films and Coating ..............................................65
2.5.1 Edible Films and Coating History............................................................65
2.5.2 Developing the Antimicrobial Packaging Systems..................................66

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................69
3.1 Material..............................................................................................................69
3.1.1 Medicinal Plants.......................................................................................69
3.1.2 Bacterial Strains.......................................................................................69
3.1.3 Culture Media..........................................................................................70
3.1.4 Chemical Agents......................................................................................70
3.1.5 Equipment................................................................................................71
3.2 Methods..............................................................................................................72
3.2.1 Stock Culture Preparation and Condition ................................................72
3.2.2 Preparation of Medicinal Plants...............................................................73
3.2.3 Preparation of Crude Extracts..................................................................74
3.2.4 Determination of the Antimic