Enhancing Agricultural Innovation

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Enhancing
Agricultural
Innovation

HOW TO GO BEYOND THE

STRENGTHENING OF RESEARCH SYSTEMS

Enhancing

IANGNRIOCVUALTTIOUNRAL

Enhancing
IANGNRIOCVUALTITOUNRAL

How to Go Beyond the
Strengthening of Research Systems

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IISSBBNN--1130::90-7882-01-38-261734-16-7241-4eDISOBI:N1:00.1-852916/39-7687-400--84213-6741-4

Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Enhancing agricultural innovation :how to go beyond the
strengthening ofresearch systems.
p.cm.— (Agriculture and rural development)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN-13:978-0-8213-6741-4
ISBN-10:0-8213-6741-2
ISBN-10:0-8213-6740-4 (electronic)
1.Agricultural innovations—Case studies.I.World Bank.II.
Series:Agriculture and rural development series.
S494.5.I5E5752006
338.1
′
6—dc22

2006031508

Photos:Corbis (cover);Arne Hoel,World Bank Photo Library (interior)
Cover design:Patricia Hord Graphik Design

CONTENTS

iiv

Boxes,Figures,and Tables
Preface
xi
Executive Summary
xiii
Acknowledgments
xxiii
Acronyms and Abbreviations
xxv

1.Reasons for Assessing the Value of the
Innovation Systems Perspective
1
Knowledge Generation and Application in a Changing
Agricultural Context
1
Toward Operational Agricultural Innovation Systems
8
Grounding the Innovation Systems Concept in the “New Agriculture”
Organization of This Study
11
2.The Innovation Systems Concept:A Framework for Analysis
Origins of the Innovation Systems Concept
13
Innovation versus Invention
18
Key Insights from the Innovation Systems Concept for Diagnostic and
Intervention Frameworks
18
Innovation Systems and Value Chains
24
Comparison of NARS,AKIS,and Agricultural Innovation Systems
25
Toward Practical Applications of the Innovation Systems Concept
31

21

9

v

iv

3.Research Methodology and Case Study Descriptions
32
Research Methodology
32
Case Study Selection
3
4
Information Collection
35
Case Study Descriptions
35
4.Innovation System Capacity:A Comparative Analysis of
Case Studies
48
Actors,Their Roles,and the Attitudes and Practices That
Shape Their Roles
48
Attitudes and Practices
54
The Enabling Environment
59
Summary of the Analysis of Innovation Capacity in the Case Studies
5.Reviewing the Innovation Systems Concept in Light of the
Case Studies
66
The Nature of Contemporary Agricultural Challenges
66
Key Characteristics of Innovation across the Case Studies
68
Common Interventions and Their Limits
77
6.Toward a Framework for Diagnosis and Intervention
84
An Intervention Framework for Developing Agricultural
Innovation Systems
84
The Pre-Planned Phase in the Orchestrated Trajectory
90
The Foundation Phase
92
The Expansion Phase
93
The Nascent Phase in the Opportunity-Driven Trajectory
95
The Emergence Phase
95
The Stagnation Phase
97
A Dynamic System of Innovation
99
7.Conclusions
105
The Nature of Innovation:Nine Findings
105
The Value of the Innovation Systems Concept
111
Implications for the World Bank
113

Annex A:Agricultural Innovation Systems:
A Methodology for Diagnostic Assessments
117
Annex B:Case Studies and Authors
129
Annex C:Case Study Detailed Summary Tables
131
Notes
145
References
147
Index
151

CONTENTS

16

BOXES,FIGURES,AND TABLES

sexoB

1.1Past Contributions of Science and Technology
2
1.2The Changing Process of Knowledge Generation and Use
2
1.3Increased Market Demand and Policy Change Close the Yield Gap in Maize
Production in India
5
1.4Changing Approaches to Investing in Innovation Capacity
6
2.1Two Views of Innovation:The Linear and Innovation Systems Models
14
2.2Knowledge and the Competitiveness of the Chilean Salmon Industry,
Past and Future
16
2.3Theoretical Underpinnings of Innovation Systems
17
2.4Small-Scale Equipment Manufacturers and the Adoption of Zero Tillage in
South Asia
20
2.5Including Stakeholders’ Demands in the Agricultural Innovation System:
Mexico’s Produce Foundations
23
2.6Reducing Rural Poverty by Linking Farmer Organizations with Public-Private
Partnerships in China
25
2.7Community-Driven Development and Agricultural Innovation Systems
26

iiv

iiiv

2.8Participatory,Grassroots,and Multistakeholder Approaches to Overcome
Limitations of the Linear Model
29
3.1A Checklist for Conducting Diagnostic Assessments and Developing
Interventions Based on the Innovation Systems Concept
33
4.1Who Gets to Innovate? Picking Winners versus Enabling Winners to
Pick Themselves
50
5.1Farmer Organizations and a New Extension Approach Accelerate Agricultural
Innovation in India
72
5.2Foundation for the Revitalisation of Local Health Care Traditions in India:
A Successful Coordinating Body
82
6.1Numerical List of Interventions,with References to Potential
Investment Approaches from the
Agriculture
Investment Sourcebook
100

Figures
1.1A Stylized Innovation System
7
6.1Development Phases of Agricultural Innovation Systems
91
A.1Elements of an Agricultural Innovation System
121

Tables
1.1World Value of Nontraditional Agricultural Exports,1992 and 2001
1.2Case Studies by Country and Subsector
10
2.1Attitudes and Practices Affecting Key Innovation Processes
and Relationships
21
2.2Defining Features of the NARS and AKIS Frameworks in Relation to
Agricultural Innovation Systems
27
3.1Case Studies and Selection Criteria
36
4.1Interaction Patterns in Support of Innovation
57
4.2Summary of the Analysis of Innovation Systems in the Case Studies
5.1Scope of Innovations Observed
69
5.2Innovation Triggers
74
5.3Value and Developmental Significance of Case Study Sectors
76
5.4Common Interventions and Their Limitations
78
6.1Place of the Case Studies in the Innovation Systems Typology
87

BOXES,FIGURES,AND TABLES

01

62